diff --git a/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/chain.go b/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/chain.go
index df724f4704..83ceb2a4f2 100644
--- a/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/chain.go
+++ b/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/chain.go
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ func loadChain(chainfile string, genesis string) (*Chain, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	gblock := gen.ToBlock(nil)
+	gblock := gen.ToBlock()
 
 	blocks, err := blocksFromFile(chainfile, gblock)
 	if err != nil {
diff --git a/cmd/evm/runner.go b/cmd/evm/runner.go
index 05b9ccdebc..9b1975c050 100644
--- a/cmd/evm/runner.go
+++ b/cmd/evm/runner.go
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ func runCmd(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 		gen := readGenesis(ctx.String(GenesisFlag.Name))
 		genesisConfig = gen
 		db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-		genesis := gen.ToBlock(db)
+		genesis := gen.MustCommit(db)
 		statedb, _ = state.New(genesis.Root(), state.NewDatabase(db), nil)
 		chainConfig = gen.Config
 	} else {
diff --git a/cmd/faucet/faucet.go b/cmd/faucet/faucet.go
index 6c8796076c..d49b9ed29d 100644
--- a/cmd/faucet/faucet.go
+++ b/cmd/faucet/faucet.go
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ func newFaucet(genesis *core.Genesis, port int, enodes []*enode.Node, network ui
 	cfg.SyncMode = downloader.LightSync
 	cfg.NetworkId = network
 	cfg.Genesis = genesis
-	utils.SetDNSDiscoveryDefaults(&cfg, genesis.ToBlock(nil).Hash())
+	utils.SetDNSDiscoveryDefaults(&cfg, genesis.ToBlock().Hash())
 
 	lesBackend, err := les.New(stack, &cfg)
 	if err != nil {
diff --git a/consensus/clique/snapshot_test.go b/consensus/clique/snapshot_test.go
index 094868ca74..b87ad8c23a 100644
--- a/consensus/clique/snapshot_test.go
+++ b/consensus/clique/snapshot_test.go
@@ -403,7 +403,7 @@ func TestClique(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 		// Create a pristine blockchain with the genesis injected
 		db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-		genesis.Commit(db)
+		genesisBlock := genesis.MustCommit(db)
 
 		// Assemble a chain of headers from the cast votes
 		config := *params.TestChainConfig
@@ -414,7 +414,7 @@ func TestClique(t *testing.T) {
 		engine := New(config.Clique, db)
 		engine.fakeDiff = true
 
-		blocks, _ := core.GenerateChain(&config, genesis.ToBlock(db), engine, db, len(tt.votes), func(j int, gen *core.BlockGen) {
+		blocks, _ := core.GenerateChain(&config, genesisBlock, engine, db, len(tt.votes), func(j int, gen *core.BlockGen) {
 			// Cast the vote contained in this block
 			gen.SetCoinbase(accounts.address(tt.votes[j].voted))
 			if tt.votes[j].auth {
diff --git a/core/blockchain_test.go b/core/blockchain_test.go
index 517cb5e1d5..44256f6187 100644
--- a/core/blockchain_test.go
+++ b/core/blockchain_test.go
@@ -1941,8 +1941,8 @@ func testSideImport(t *testing.T, numCanonBlocksInSidechain, blocksBetweenCommon
 			Alloc:   GenesisAlloc{addr: {Balance: big.NewInt(math.MaxInt64)}},
 			BaseFee: big.NewInt(params.InitialBaseFee),
 		}
-		signer     = types.LatestSigner(gspec.Config)
-		genesis, _ = gspec.Commit(db)
+		signer  = types.LatestSigner(gspec.Config)
+		genesis = gspec.MustCommit(db)
 	)
 	// Generate and import the canonical chain
 	diskdb := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
diff --git a/core/genesis.go b/core/genesis.go
index 45284f3dee..71214e84f5 100644
--- a/core/genesis.go
+++ b/core/genesis.go
@@ -80,10 +80,12 @@ func (ga *GenesisAlloc) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-// flush adds allocated genesis accounts into a fresh new statedb and
-// commit the state changes into the given database handler.
-func (ga *GenesisAlloc) flush(db ethdb.Database) (common.Hash, error) {
-	statedb, err := state.New(common.Hash{}, state.NewDatabase(db), nil)
+// deriveHash computes the state root according to the genesis specification.
+func (ga *GenesisAlloc) deriveHash() (common.Hash, error) {
+	// Create an ephemeral in-memory database for computing hash,
+	// all the derived states will be discarded to not pollute disk.
+	db := state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase())
+	statedb, err := state.New(common.Hash{}, db, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		return common.Hash{}, err
 	}
@@ -95,25 +97,39 @@ func (ga *GenesisAlloc) flush(db ethdb.Database) (common.Hash, error) {
 			statedb.SetState(addr, key, value)
 		}
 	}
+	return statedb.Commit(false)
+}
+
+// flush is very similar with deriveHash, but the main difference is
+// all the generated states will be persisted into the given database.
+// Also, the genesis state specification will be flushed as well.
+func (ga *GenesisAlloc) flush(db ethdb.Database) error {
+	statedb, err := state.New(common.Hash{}, state.NewDatabase(db), nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	for addr, account := range *ga {
+		statedb.AddBalance(addr, account.Balance)
+		statedb.SetCode(addr, account.Code)
+		statedb.SetNonce(addr, account.Nonce)
+		for key, value := range account.Storage {
+			statedb.SetState(addr, key, value)
+		}
+	}
 	root, err := statedb.Commit(false)
 	if err != nil {
-		return common.Hash{}, err
+		return err
 	}
 	err = statedb.Database().TrieDB().Commit(root, true, nil)
 	if err != nil {
-		return common.Hash{}, err
+		return err
 	}
-	return root, nil
-}
-
-// write writes the json marshaled genesis state into database
-// with the given block hash as the unique identifier.
-func (ga *GenesisAlloc) write(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, hash common.Hash) error {
+	// Marshal the genesis state specification and persist.
 	blob, err := json.Marshal(ga)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	rawdb.WriteGenesisState(db, hash, blob)
+	rawdb.WriteGenesisStateSpec(db, root, blob)
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -121,7 +137,7 @@ func (ga *GenesisAlloc) write(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, hash common.Hash) error {
 // hash and commits them into the given database handler.
 func CommitGenesisState(db ethdb.Database, hash common.Hash) error {
 	var alloc GenesisAlloc
-	blob := rawdb.ReadGenesisState(db, hash)
+	blob := rawdb.ReadGenesisStateSpec(db, hash)
 	if len(blob) != 0 {
 		if err := alloc.UnmarshalJSON(blob); err != nil {
 			return err
@@ -151,8 +167,7 @@ func CommitGenesisState(db ethdb.Database, hash common.Hash) error {
 			return errors.New("not found")
 		}
 	}
-	_, err := alloc.flush(db)
-	return err
+	return alloc.flush(db)
 }
 
 // GenesisAccount is an account in the state of the genesis block.
@@ -273,7 +288,7 @@ func SetupGenesisBlockWithOverride(db ethdb.Database, genesis *Genesis, override
 			genesis = DefaultGenesisBlock()
 		}
 		// Ensure the stored genesis matches with the given one.
-		hash := genesis.ToBlock(nil).Hash()
+		hash := genesis.ToBlock().Hash()
 		if hash != stored {
 			return genesis.Config, hash, &GenesisMismatchError{stored, hash}
 		}
@@ -286,7 +301,7 @@ func SetupGenesisBlockWithOverride(db ethdb.Database, genesis *Genesis, override
 	}
 	// Check whether the genesis block is already written.
 	if genesis != nil {
-		hash := genesis.ToBlock(nil).Hash()
+		hash := genesis.ToBlock().Hash()
 		if hash != stored {
 			return genesis.Config, hash, &GenesisMismatchError{stored, hash}
 		}
@@ -347,13 +362,9 @@ func (g *Genesis) configOrDefault(ghash common.Hash) *params.ChainConfig {
 	}
 }
 
-// ToBlock creates the genesis block and writes state of a genesis specification
-// to the given database (or discards it if nil).
-func (g *Genesis) ToBlock(db ethdb.Database) *types.Block {
-	if db == nil {
-		db = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	}
-	root, err := g.Alloc.flush(db)
+// ToBlock returns the genesis block according to genesis specification.
+func (g *Genesis) ToBlock() *types.Block {
+	root, err := g.Alloc.deriveHash()
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
@@ -390,7 +401,7 @@ func (g *Genesis) ToBlock(db ethdb.Database) *types.Block {
 // Commit writes the block and state of a genesis specification to the database.
 // The block is committed as the canonical head block.
 func (g *Genesis) Commit(db ethdb.Database) (*types.Block, error) {
-	block := g.ToBlock(db)
+	block := g.ToBlock()
 	if block.Number().Sign() != 0 {
 		return nil, errors.New("can't commit genesis block with number > 0")
 	}
@@ -404,7 +415,10 @@ func (g *Genesis) Commit(db ethdb.Database) (*types.Block, error) {
 	if config.Clique != nil && len(block.Extra()) < 32+crypto.SignatureLength {
 		return nil, errors.New("can't start clique chain without signers")
 	}
-	if err := g.Alloc.write(db, block.Hash()); err != nil {
+	// All the checks has passed, flush the states derived from the genesis
+	// specification as well as the specification itself into the provided
+	// database.
+	if err := g.Alloc.flush(db); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	rawdb.WriteTd(db, block.Hash(), block.NumberU64(), block.Difficulty())
@@ -428,15 +442,6 @@ func (g *Genesis) MustCommit(db ethdb.Database) *types.Block {
 	return block
 }
 
-// GenesisBlockForTesting creates and writes a block in which addr has the given wei balance.
-func GenesisBlockForTesting(db ethdb.Database, addr common.Address, balance *big.Int) *types.Block {
-	g := Genesis{
-		Alloc:   GenesisAlloc{addr: {Balance: balance}},
-		BaseFee: big.NewInt(params.InitialBaseFee),
-	}
-	return g.MustCommit(db)
-}
-
 // DefaultGenesisBlock returns the Ethereum main net genesis block.
 func DefaultGenesisBlock() *Genesis {
 	return &Genesis{
@@ -498,6 +503,7 @@ func DefaultSepoliaGenesisBlock() *Genesis {
 	}
 }
 
+// DefaultKilnGenesisBlock returns the kiln network genesis block.
 func DefaultKilnGenesisBlock() *Genesis {
 	g := new(Genesis)
 	reader := strings.NewReader(KilnAllocData)
diff --git a/core/genesis_test.go b/core/genesis_test.go
index e8010e3d4e..ba3423e32a 100644
--- a/core/genesis_test.go
+++ b/core/genesis_test.go
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ func TestGenesisHashes(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Errorf("case: %d a), want: %s, got: %s", i, c.want.Hex(), have.Hex())
 		}
 		// Test via ToBlock
-		if have := c.genesis.ToBlock(nil).Hash(); have != c.want {
+		if have := c.genesis.ToBlock().Hash(); have != c.want {
 			t.Errorf("case: %d a), want: %s, got: %s", i, c.want.Hex(), have.Hex())
 		}
 	}
@@ -192,11 +192,7 @@ func TestGenesis_Commit(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	genesisBlock, err := genesis.Commit(db)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-
+	genesisBlock := genesis.MustCommit(db)
 	if genesis.Difficulty != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("assumption wrong")
 	}
@@ -221,12 +217,12 @@ func TestReadWriteGenesisAlloc(t *testing.T) {
 			{1}: {Balance: big.NewInt(1), Storage: map[common.Hash]common.Hash{{1}: {1}}},
 			{2}: {Balance: big.NewInt(2), Storage: map[common.Hash]common.Hash{{2}: {2}}},
 		}
-		hash = common.HexToHash("0xdeadbeef")
+		hash, _ = alloc.deriveHash()
 	)
-	alloc.write(db, hash)
+	alloc.flush(db)
 
 	var reload GenesisAlloc
-	err := reload.UnmarshalJSON(rawdb.ReadGenesisState(db, hash))
+	err := reload.UnmarshalJSON(rawdb.ReadGenesisStateSpec(db, hash))
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to load genesis state %v", err)
 	}
diff --git a/core/rawdb/accessors_metadata.go b/core/rawdb/accessors_metadata.go
index f5a161adb6..7a9e6442f0 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/accessors_metadata.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/accessors_metadata.go
@@ -81,15 +81,16 @@ func WriteChainConfig(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, hash common.Hash, cfg *params.Cha
 	}
 }
 
-// ReadGenesisState retrieves the genesis state based on the given genesis hash.
-func ReadGenesisState(db ethdb.KeyValueReader, hash common.Hash) []byte {
-	data, _ := db.Get(genesisKey(hash))
+// ReadGenesisStateSpec retrieves the genesis state specification based on the
+// given genesis hash.
+func ReadGenesisStateSpec(db ethdb.KeyValueReader, hash common.Hash) []byte {
+	data, _ := db.Get(genesisStateSpecKey(hash))
 	return data
 }
 
-// WriteGenesisState writes the genesis state into the disk.
-func WriteGenesisState(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, hash common.Hash, data []byte) {
-	if err := db.Put(genesisKey(hash), data); err != nil {
+// WriteGenesisStateSpec writes the genesis state specification into the disk.
+func WriteGenesisStateSpec(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, hash common.Hash, data []byte) {
+	if err := db.Put(genesisStateSpecKey(hash), data); err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to store genesis state", "err", err)
 	}
 }
diff --git a/core/rawdb/schema.go b/core/rawdb/schema.go
index a55ebdff74..d5f751da3a 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/schema.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/schema.go
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ func configKey(hash common.Hash) []byte {
 	return append(configPrefix, hash.Bytes()...)
 }
 
-// genesisKey = genesisPrefix + hash
-func genesisKey(hash common.Hash) []byte {
+// genesisStateSpecKey = genesisPrefix + hash
+func genesisStateSpecKey(hash common.Hash) []byte {
 	return append(genesisPrefix, hash.Bytes()...)
 }
diff --git a/eth/catalyst/api_test.go b/eth/catalyst/api_test.go
index df302f8211..0d945993eb 100644
--- a/eth/catalyst/api_test.go
+++ b/eth/catalyst/api_test.go
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ func generatePreMergeChain(n int) (*core.Genesis, []*types.Block) {
 		g.AddTx(tx)
 		testNonce++
 	}
-	gblock := genesis.ToBlock(db)
+	gblock := genesis.MustCommit(db)
 	engine := ethash.NewFaker()
 	blocks, _ := core.GenerateChain(config, gblock, engine, db, n, generate)
 	totalDifficulty := big.NewInt(0)
diff --git a/eth/downloader/downloader_test.go b/eth/downloader/downloader_test.go
index 5e77d3272d..1c126bdaed 100644
--- a/eth/downloader/downloader_test.go
+++ b/eth/downloader/downloader_test.go
@@ -68,7 +68,11 @@ func newTesterWithNotification(t *testing.T, success func()) *downloadTester {
 	t.Cleanup(func() {
 		db.Close()
 	})
-	core.GenesisBlockForTesting(db, testAddress, big.NewInt(1000000000000000))
+	gspec := core.Genesis{
+		Alloc:   core.GenesisAlloc{testAddress: {Balance: big.NewInt(1000000000000000)}},
+		BaseFee: big.NewInt(params.InitialBaseFee),
+	}
+	gspec.MustCommit(db)
 
 	chain, err := core.NewBlockChain(db, nil, params.TestChainConfig, ethash.NewFaker(), vm.Config{}, nil, nil)
 	if err != nil {
diff --git a/eth/downloader/queue_test.go b/eth/downloader/queue_test.go
index d2dfbceffb..8631b27c92 100644
--- a/eth/downloader/queue_test.go
+++ b/eth/downloader/queue_test.go
@@ -27,24 +27,18 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/ethash"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
 )
 
-var (
-	testdb  = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	genesis = core.GenesisBlockForTesting(testdb, testAddress, big.NewInt(1000000000000000))
-)
-
 // makeChain creates a chain of n blocks starting at and including parent.
 // the returned hash chain is ordered head->parent. In addition, every 3rd block
 // contains a transaction and every 5th an uncle to allow testing correct block
 // reassembly.
 func makeChain(n int, seed byte, parent *types.Block, empty bool) ([]*types.Block, []types.Receipts) {
-	blocks, receipts := core.GenerateChain(params.TestChainConfig, parent, ethash.NewFaker(), testdb, n, func(i int, block *core.BlockGen) {
+	blocks, receipts := core.GenerateChain(params.TestChainConfig, parent, ethash.NewFaker(), testDB, n, func(i int, block *core.BlockGen) {
 		block.SetCoinbase(common.Address{seed})
 		// Add one tx to every secondblock
 		if !empty && i%2 == 0 {
@@ -70,10 +64,10 @@ var emptyChain *chainData
 func init() {
 	// Create a chain of blocks to import
 	targetBlocks := 128
-	blocks, _ := makeChain(targetBlocks, 0, genesis, false)
+	blocks, _ := makeChain(targetBlocks, 0, testGenesis, false)
 	chain = &chainData{blocks, 0}
 
-	blocks, _ = makeChain(targetBlocks, 0, genesis, true)
+	blocks, _ = makeChain(targetBlocks, 0, testGenesis, true)
 	emptyChain = &chainData{blocks, 0}
 }
 
@@ -271,7 +265,7 @@ func TestEmptyBlocks(t *testing.T) {
 // some more advanced scenarios
 func XTestDelivery(t *testing.T) {
 	// the outside network, holding blocks
-	blo, rec := makeChain(128, 0, genesis, false)
+	blo, rec := makeChain(128, 0, testGenesis, false)
 	world := newNetwork()
 	world.receipts = rec
 	world.chain = blo
diff --git a/eth/downloader/testchain_test.go b/eth/downloader/testchain_test.go
index 8b873343ca..785da40b59 100644
--- a/eth/downloader/testchain_test.go
+++ b/eth/downloader/testchain_test.go
@@ -37,7 +37,12 @@ var (
 	testKey, _  = crypto.HexToECDSA("b71c71a67e1177ad4e901695e1b4b9ee17ae16c6668d313eac2f96dbcda3f291")
 	testAddress = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(testKey.PublicKey)
 	testDB      = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	testGenesis = core.GenesisBlockForTesting(testDB, testAddress, big.NewInt(1000000000000000))
+
+	testGspec = core.Genesis{
+		Alloc:   core.GenesisAlloc{testAddress: {Balance: big.NewInt(1000000000000000)}},
+		BaseFee: big.NewInt(params.InitialBaseFee),
+	}
+	testGenesis = testGspec.MustCommit(testDB)
 )
 
 // The common prefix of all test chains:
@@ -212,7 +217,7 @@ func newTestBlockchain(blocks []*types.Block) *core.BlockChain {
 			panic("Requested chain generation outside of init")
 		}
 		db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-		core.GenesisBlockForTesting(db, testAddress, big.NewInt(1000000000000000))
+		testGspec.MustCommit(db)
 
 		chain, err := core.NewBlockChain(db, nil, params.TestChainConfig, ethash.NewFaker(), vm.Config{}, nil, nil)
 		if err != nil {
diff --git a/eth/fetcher/block_fetcher_test.go b/eth/fetcher/block_fetcher_test.go
index 06c61ae55d..bf7946952e 100644
--- a/eth/fetcher/block_fetcher_test.go
+++ b/eth/fetcher/block_fetcher_test.go
@@ -36,10 +36,14 @@ import (
 )
 
 var (
-	testdb       = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	testKey, _   = crypto.HexToECDSA("b71c71a67e1177ad4e901695e1b4b9ee17ae16c6668d313eac2f96dbcda3f291")
-	testAddress  = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(testKey.PublicKey)
-	genesis      = core.GenesisBlockForTesting(testdb, testAddress, big.NewInt(1000000000000000))
+	testdb      = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
+	testKey, _  = crypto.HexToECDSA("b71c71a67e1177ad4e901695e1b4b9ee17ae16c6668d313eac2f96dbcda3f291")
+	testAddress = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(testKey.PublicKey)
+	gspec       = core.Genesis{
+		Alloc:   core.GenesisAlloc{testAddress: {Balance: big.NewInt(1000000000000000)}},
+		BaseFee: big.NewInt(params.InitialBaseFee),
+	}
+	genesis      = gspec.MustCommit(testdb)
 	unknownBlock = types.NewBlock(&types.Header{GasLimit: params.GenesisGasLimit, BaseFee: big.NewInt(params.InitialBaseFee)}, nil, nil, nil, trie.NewStackTrie(nil))
 )
 
diff --git a/eth/filters/filter_test.go b/eth/filters/filter_test.go
index ae4f069048..59fdde7e80 100644
--- a/eth/filters/filter_test.go
+++ b/eth/filters/filter_test.go
@@ -50,10 +50,17 @@ func BenchmarkFilters(b *testing.B) {
 		addr2   = common.BytesToAddress([]byte("jeff"))
 		addr3   = common.BytesToAddress([]byte("ethereum"))
 		addr4   = common.BytesToAddress([]byte("random addresses please"))
+
+		gspec = core.Genesis{
+			Alloc:   core.GenesisAlloc{addr1: {Balance: big.NewInt(1000000)}},
+			BaseFee: big.NewInt(params.InitialBaseFee),
+		}
+		genesis = gspec.ToBlock()
 	)
 	defer db.Close()
 
-	genesis := core.GenesisBlockForTesting(db, addr1, big.NewInt(1000000))
+	gspec.MustCommit(db)
+
 	chain, receipts := core.GenerateChain(params.TestChainConfig, genesis, ethash.NewFaker(), db, 100010, func(i int, gen *core.BlockGen) {
 		switch i {
 		case 2403:
@@ -105,10 +112,17 @@ func TestFilters(t *testing.T) {
 		hash2 = common.BytesToHash([]byte("topic2"))
 		hash3 = common.BytesToHash([]byte("topic3"))
 		hash4 = common.BytesToHash([]byte("topic4"))
+
+		gspec = core.Genesis{
+			Alloc:   core.GenesisAlloc{addr: {Balance: big.NewInt(1000000)}},
+			BaseFee: big.NewInt(params.InitialBaseFee),
+		}
+		genesis = gspec.ToBlock()
 	)
 	defer db.Close()
 
-	genesis := core.GenesisBlockForTesting(db, addr, big.NewInt(1000000))
+	gspec.MustCommit(db)
+
 	chain, receipts := core.GenerateChain(params.TestChainConfig, genesis, ethash.NewFaker(), db, 1000, func(i int, gen *core.BlockGen) {
 		switch i {
 		case 1:
diff --git a/eth/gasprice/gasprice_test.go b/eth/gasprice/gasprice_test.go
index 3806e993c2..d405188f81 100644
--- a/eth/gasprice/gasprice_test.go
+++ b/eth/gasprice/gasprice_test.go
@@ -130,10 +130,8 @@ func newTestBackend(t *testing.T, londonBlock *big.Int, pending bool) *testBacke
 	config.TerminalTotalDifficulty = common.Big0
 	engine := ethash.NewFaker()
 	db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	genesis, err := gspec.Commit(db)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
+	genesis := gspec.MustCommit(db)
+
 	// Generate testing blocks
 	blocks, _ := core.GenerateChain(gspec.Config, genesis, engine, db, testHead+1, func(i int, b *core.BlockGen) {
 		b.SetCoinbase(common.Address{1})
@@ -163,7 +161,7 @@ func newTestBackend(t *testing.T, londonBlock *big.Int, pending bool) *testBacke
 	})
 	// Construct testing chain
 	diskdb := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	gspec.Commit(diskdb)
+	gspec.MustCommit(diskdb)
 	chain, err := core.NewBlockChain(diskdb, &core.CacheConfig{TrieCleanNoPrefetch: true}, gspec.Config, engine, vm.Config{}, nil, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to create local chain, %v", err)
diff --git a/ethclient/ethclient_test.go b/ethclient/ethclient_test.go
index 37add1bd36..d78a12fae7 100644
--- a/ethclient/ethclient_test.go
+++ b/ethclient/ethclient_test.go
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ func generateTestChain() []*types.Block {
 			g.AddTx(testTx2)
 		}
 	}
-	gblock := genesis.ToBlock(db)
+	gblock := genesis.MustCommit(db)
 	engine := ethash.NewFaker()
 	blocks, _ := core.GenerateChain(genesis.Config, gblock, engine, db, 2, generate)
 	blocks = append([]*types.Block{gblock}, blocks...)
diff --git a/ethclient/gethclient/gethclient_test.go b/ethclient/gethclient/gethclient_test.go
index a0c17a0342..b78d11c328 100644
--- a/ethclient/gethclient/gethclient_test.go
+++ b/ethclient/gethclient/gethclient_test.go
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ func generateTestChain() (*core.Genesis, []*types.Block) {
 		g.OffsetTime(5)
 		g.SetExtra([]byte("test"))
 	}
-	gblock := genesis.ToBlock(db)
+	gblock := genesis.MustCommit(db)
 	engine := ethash.NewFaker()
 	blocks, _ := core.GenerateChain(config, gblock, engine, db, 1, generate)
 	blocks = append([]*types.Block{gblock}, blocks...)
diff --git a/les/catalyst/api_test.go b/les/catalyst/api_test.go
index 70a6d24719..26c49d6ef9 100644
--- a/les/catalyst/api_test.go
+++ b/les/catalyst/api_test.go
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ func generatePreMergeChain(n int) (*core.Genesis, []*types.Header, []*types.Bloc
 		Timestamp: 9000,
 		BaseFee:   big.NewInt(params.InitialBaseFee),
 	}
-	gblock := genesis.ToBlock(db)
+	gblock := genesis.MustCommit(db)
 	engine := ethash.NewFaker()
 	blocks, _ := core.GenerateChain(config, gblock, engine, db, n, nil)
 	totalDifficulty := big.NewInt(0)
diff --git a/les/downloader/queue_test.go b/les/downloader/queue_test.go
index 8489794791..44b2208595 100644
--- a/les/downloader/queue_test.go
+++ b/les/downloader/queue_test.go
@@ -27,23 +27,17 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/ethash"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 )
 
-var (
-	testdb  = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	genesis = core.GenesisBlockForTesting(testdb, testAddress, big.NewInt(1000000000000000))
-)
-
 // makeChain creates a chain of n blocks starting at and including parent.
 // the returned hash chain is ordered head->parent. In addition, every 3rd block
 // contains a transaction and every 5th an uncle to allow testing correct block
 // reassembly.
 func makeChain(n int, seed byte, parent *types.Block, empty bool) ([]*types.Block, []types.Receipts) {
-	blocks, receipts := core.GenerateChain(params.TestChainConfig, parent, ethash.NewFaker(), testdb, n, func(i int, block *core.BlockGen) {
+	blocks, receipts := core.GenerateChain(params.TestChainConfig, parent, ethash.NewFaker(), testDB, n, func(i int, block *core.BlockGen) {
 		block.SetCoinbase(common.Address{seed})
 		// Add one tx to every secondblock
 		if !empty && i%2 == 0 {
@@ -69,10 +63,10 @@ var emptyChain *chainData
 func init() {
 	// Create a chain of blocks to import
 	targetBlocks := 128
-	blocks, _ := makeChain(targetBlocks, 0, genesis, false)
+	blocks, _ := makeChain(targetBlocks, 0, testGenesis, false)
 	chain = &chainData{blocks, 0}
 
-	blocks, _ = makeChain(targetBlocks, 0, genesis, true)
+	blocks, _ = makeChain(targetBlocks, 0, testGenesis, true)
 	emptyChain = &chainData{blocks, 0}
 }
 
@@ -259,7 +253,7 @@ func TestEmptyBlocks(t *testing.T) {
 // some more advanced scenarios
 func XTestDelivery(t *testing.T) {
 	// the outside network, holding blocks
-	blo, rec := makeChain(128, 0, genesis, false)
+	blo, rec := makeChain(128, 0, testGenesis, false)
 	world := newNetwork()
 	world.receipts = rec
 	world.chain = blo
diff --git a/les/downloader/testchain_test.go b/les/downloader/testchain_test.go
index b9865f7e03..400eec94e7 100644
--- a/les/downloader/testchain_test.go
+++ b/les/downloader/testchain_test.go
@@ -35,7 +35,12 @@ var (
 	testKey, _  = crypto.HexToECDSA("b71c71a67e1177ad4e901695e1b4b9ee17ae16c6668d313eac2f96dbcda3f291")
 	testAddress = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(testKey.PublicKey)
 	testDB      = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	testGenesis = core.GenesisBlockForTesting(testDB, testAddress, big.NewInt(1000000000000000))
+
+	gspec = core.Genesis{
+		Alloc:   core.GenesisAlloc{testAddress: {Balance: big.NewInt(1000000000000000)}},
+		BaseFee: big.NewInt(params.InitialBaseFee),
+	}
+	testGenesis = gspec.MustCommit(testDB)
 )
 
 // The common prefix of all test chains:
diff --git a/les/fetcher/block_fetcher_test.go b/les/fetcher/block_fetcher_test.go
index de066ac26b..caff7a3b35 100644
--- a/les/fetcher/block_fetcher_test.go
+++ b/les/fetcher/block_fetcher_test.go
@@ -35,10 +35,15 @@ import (
 )
 
 var (
-	testdb       = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	testKey, _   = crypto.HexToECDSA("b71c71a67e1177ad4e901695e1b4b9ee17ae16c6668d313eac2f96dbcda3f291")
-	testAddress  = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(testKey.PublicKey)
-	genesis      = core.GenesisBlockForTesting(testdb, testAddress, big.NewInt(1000000000000000))
+	testdb      = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
+	testKey, _  = crypto.HexToECDSA("b71c71a67e1177ad4e901695e1b4b9ee17ae16c6668d313eac2f96dbcda3f291")
+	testAddress = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(testKey.PublicKey)
+
+	gspec = core.Genesis{
+		Alloc:   core.GenesisAlloc{testAddress: {Balance: big.NewInt(1000000000000000)}},
+		BaseFee: big.NewInt(params.InitialBaseFee),
+	}
+	genesis      = gspec.MustCommit(testdb)
 	unknownBlock = types.NewBlock(&types.Header{GasLimit: params.GenesisGasLimit, BaseFee: big.NewInt(params.InitialBaseFee)}, nil, nil, nil, trie.NewStackTrie(nil))
 )
 
diff --git a/les/peer_test.go b/les/peer_test.go
index d6551ce6b6..b8a1482a04 100644
--- a/les/peer_test.go
+++ b/les/peer_test.go
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/forkid"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p/enode"
@@ -100,7 +99,7 @@ type fakeChain struct{}
 
 func (f *fakeChain) Config() *params.ChainConfig { return params.MainnetChainConfig }
 func (f *fakeChain) Genesis() *types.Block {
-	return core.DefaultGenesisBlock().ToBlock(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase())
+	return core.DefaultGenesisBlock().ToBlock()
 }
 func (f *fakeChain) CurrentHeader() *types.Header { return &types.Header{Number: big.NewInt(10000000)} }
 
diff --git a/miner/stress/beacon/main.go b/miner/stress/beacon/main.go
index 439bcc5d10..88af84c7fc 100644
--- a/miner/stress/beacon/main.go
+++ b/miner/stress/beacon/main.go
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ func newNodeManager(genesis *core.Genesis) *nodeManager {
 	return &nodeManager{
 		close:        make(chan struct{}),
 		genesis:      genesis,
-		genesisBlock: genesis.ToBlock(nil),
+		genesisBlock: genesis.ToBlock(),
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/state_test.go b/tests/state_test.go
index 965ef71ba4..d33ebc4b00 100644
--- a/tests/state_test.go
+++ b/tests/state_test.go
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ func runBenchmark(b *testing.B, t *StateTest) {
 				return
 			}
 			vmconfig.ExtraEips = eips
-			block := t.genesis(config).ToBlock(nil)
+			block := t.genesis(config).ToBlock()
 			_, statedb := MakePreState(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), t.json.Pre, false)
 
 			var baseFee *big.Int
diff --git a/tests/state_test_util.go b/tests/state_test_util.go
index d698b7c6fd..38cdbc4d65 100644
--- a/tests/state_test_util.go
+++ b/tests/state_test_util.go
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ func (t *StateTest) RunNoVerify(subtest StateSubtest, vmconfig vm.Config, snapsh
 		return nil, nil, common.Hash{}, UnsupportedForkError{subtest.Fork}
 	}
 	vmconfig.ExtraEips = eips
-	block := t.genesis(config).ToBlock(nil)
+	block := t.genesis(config).ToBlock()
 	snaps, statedb := MakePreState(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), t.json.Pre, snapshotter)
 
 	var baseFee *big.Int