diff --git a/core/rawdb/accessors_chain.go b/core/rawdb/accessors_chain.go
index a26a42ba7c..da54328326 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/accessors_chain.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/accessors_chain.go
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ import (
 
 // ReadCanonicalHash retrieves the hash assigned to a canonical block number.
 func ReadCanonicalHash(db DatabaseReader, number uint64) common.Hash {
-	data, _ := db.Get(append(append(headerPrefix, encodeBlockNumber(number)...), headerHashSuffix...))
+	data, _ := db.Get(headerHashKey(number))
 	if len(data) == 0 {
 		return common.Hash{}
 	}
@@ -38,22 +38,21 @@ func ReadCanonicalHash(db DatabaseReader, number uint64) common.Hash {
 
 // WriteCanonicalHash stores the hash assigned to a canonical block number.
 func WriteCanonicalHash(db DatabaseWriter, hash common.Hash, number uint64) {
-	key := append(append(headerPrefix, encodeBlockNumber(number)...), headerHashSuffix...)
-	if err := db.Put(key, hash.Bytes()); err != nil {
+	if err := db.Put(headerHashKey(number), hash.Bytes()); err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to store number to hash mapping", "err", err)
 	}
 }
 
 // DeleteCanonicalHash removes the number to hash canonical mapping.
 func DeleteCanonicalHash(db DatabaseDeleter, number uint64) {
-	if err := db.Delete(append(append(headerPrefix, encodeBlockNumber(number)...), headerHashSuffix...)); err != nil {
+	if err := db.Delete(headerHashKey(number)); err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to delete number to hash mapping", "err", err)
 	}
 }
 
 // ReadHeaderNumber returns the header number assigned to a hash.
 func ReadHeaderNumber(db DatabaseReader, hash common.Hash) *uint64 {
-	data, _ := db.Get(append(headerNumberPrefix, hash.Bytes()...))
+	data, _ := db.Get(headerNumberKey(hash))
 	if len(data) != 8 {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -129,14 +128,13 @@ func WriteFastTrieProgress(db DatabaseWriter, count uint64) {
 
 // ReadHeaderRLP retrieves a block header in its raw RLP database encoding.
 func ReadHeaderRLP(db DatabaseReader, hash common.Hash, number uint64) rlp.RawValue {
-	data, _ := db.Get(append(append(headerPrefix, encodeBlockNumber(number)...), hash.Bytes()...))
+	data, _ := db.Get(headerKey(number, hash))
 	return data
 }
 
 // HasHeader verifies the existence of a block header corresponding to the hash.
 func HasHeader(db DatabaseReader, hash common.Hash, number uint64) bool {
-	key := append(append(append(headerPrefix, encodeBlockNumber(number)...), hash.Bytes()...))
-	if has, err := db.Has(key); !has || err != nil {
+	if has, err := db.Has(headerKey(number, hash)); !has || err != nil {
 		return false
 	}
 	return true
@@ -161,11 +159,11 @@ func ReadHeader(db DatabaseReader, hash common.Hash, number uint64) *types.Heade
 func WriteHeader(db DatabaseWriter, header *types.Header) {
 	// Write the hash -> number mapping
 	var (
-		hash    = header.Hash().Bytes()
+		hash    = header.Hash()
 		number  = header.Number.Uint64()
 		encoded = encodeBlockNumber(number)
 	)
-	key := append(headerNumberPrefix, hash...)
+	key := headerNumberKey(hash)
 	if err := db.Put(key, encoded); err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to store hash to number mapping", "err", err)
 	}
@@ -174,7 +172,7 @@ func WriteHeader(db DatabaseWriter, header *types.Header) {
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to RLP encode header", "err", err)
 	}
-	key = append(append(headerPrefix, encoded...), hash...)
+	key = headerKey(number, hash)
 	if err := db.Put(key, data); err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to store header", "err", err)
 	}
@@ -182,32 +180,30 @@ func WriteHeader(db DatabaseWriter, header *types.Header) {
 
 // DeleteHeader removes all block header data associated with a hash.
 func DeleteHeader(db DatabaseDeleter, hash common.Hash, number uint64) {
-	if err := db.Delete(append(append(headerPrefix, encodeBlockNumber(number)...), hash.Bytes()...)); err != nil {
+	if err := db.Delete(headerKey(number, hash)); err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to delete header", "err", err)
 	}
-	if err := db.Delete(append(headerNumberPrefix, hash.Bytes()...)); err != nil {
+	if err := db.Delete(headerNumberKey(hash)); err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to delete hash to number mapping", "err", err)
 	}
 }
 
 // ReadBodyRLP retrieves the block body (transactions and uncles) in RLP encoding.
 func ReadBodyRLP(db DatabaseReader, hash common.Hash, number uint64) rlp.RawValue {
-	data, _ := db.Get(append(append(blockBodyPrefix, encodeBlockNumber(number)...), hash.Bytes()...))
+	data, _ := db.Get(blockBodyKey(number, hash))
 	return data
 }
 
 // WriteBodyRLP stores an RLP encoded block body into the database.
 func WriteBodyRLP(db DatabaseWriter, hash common.Hash, number uint64, rlp rlp.RawValue) {
-	key := append(append(blockBodyPrefix, encodeBlockNumber(number)...), hash.Bytes()...)
-	if err := db.Put(key, rlp); err != nil {
+	if err := db.Put(blockBodyKey(number, hash), rlp); err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to store block body", "err", err)
 	}
 }
 
 // HasBody verifies the existence of a block body corresponding to the hash.
 func HasBody(db DatabaseReader, hash common.Hash, number uint64) bool {
-	key := append(append(blockBodyPrefix, encodeBlockNumber(number)...), hash.Bytes()...)
-	if has, err := db.Has(key); !has || err != nil {
+	if has, err := db.Has(blockBodyKey(number, hash)); !has || err != nil {
 		return false
 	}
 	return true
@@ -238,14 +234,14 @@ func WriteBody(db DatabaseWriter, hash common.Hash, number uint64, body *types.B
 
 // DeleteBody removes all block body data associated with a hash.
 func DeleteBody(db DatabaseDeleter, hash common.Hash, number uint64) {
-	if err := db.Delete(append(append(blockBodyPrefix, encodeBlockNumber(number)...), hash.Bytes()...)); err != nil {
+	if err := db.Delete(blockBodyKey(number, hash)); err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to delete block body", "err", err)
 	}
 }
 
 // ReadTd retrieves a block's total difficulty corresponding to the hash.
 func ReadTd(db DatabaseReader, hash common.Hash, number uint64) *big.Int {
-	data, _ := db.Get(append(append(append(headerPrefix, encodeBlockNumber(number)...), hash[:]...), headerTDSuffix...))
+	data, _ := db.Get(headerTDKey(number, hash))
 	if len(data) == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -263,15 +259,14 @@ func WriteTd(db DatabaseWriter, hash common.Hash, number uint64, td *big.Int) {
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to RLP encode block total difficulty", "err", err)
 	}
-	key := append(append(append(headerPrefix, encodeBlockNumber(number)...), hash.Bytes()...), headerTDSuffix...)
-	if err := db.Put(key, data); err != nil {
+	if err := db.Put(headerTDKey(number, hash), data); err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to store block total difficulty", "err", err)
 	}
 }
 
 // DeleteTd removes all block total difficulty data associated with a hash.
 func DeleteTd(db DatabaseDeleter, hash common.Hash, number uint64) {
-	if err := db.Delete(append(append(append(headerPrefix, encodeBlockNumber(number)...), hash.Bytes()...), headerTDSuffix...)); err != nil {
+	if err := db.Delete(headerTDKey(number, hash)); err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to delete block total difficulty", "err", err)
 	}
 }
@@ -279,7 +274,7 @@ func DeleteTd(db DatabaseDeleter, hash common.Hash, number uint64) {
 // ReadReceipts retrieves all the transaction receipts belonging to a block.
 func ReadReceipts(db DatabaseReader, hash common.Hash, number uint64) types.Receipts {
 	// Retrieve the flattened receipt slice
-	data, _ := db.Get(append(append(blockReceiptsPrefix, encodeBlockNumber(number)...), hash[:]...))
+	data, _ := db.Get(blockReceiptsKey(number, hash))
 	if len(data) == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -308,15 +303,14 @@ func WriteReceipts(db DatabaseWriter, hash common.Hash, number uint64, receipts
 		log.Crit("Failed to encode block receipts", "err", err)
 	}
 	// Store the flattened receipt slice
-	key := append(append(blockReceiptsPrefix, encodeBlockNumber(number)...), hash.Bytes()...)
-	if err := db.Put(key, bytes); err != nil {
+	if err := db.Put(blockReceiptsKey(number, hash), bytes); err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to store block receipts", "err", err)
 	}
 }
 
 // DeleteReceipts removes all receipt data associated with a block hash.
 func DeleteReceipts(db DatabaseDeleter, hash common.Hash, number uint64) {
-	if err := db.Delete(append(append(blockReceiptsPrefix, encodeBlockNumber(number)...), hash.Bytes()...)); err != nil {
+	if err := db.Delete(blockReceiptsKey(number, hash)); err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to delete block receipts", "err", err)
 	}
 }
diff --git a/core/rawdb/accessors_indexes.go b/core/rawdb/accessors_indexes.go
index 9abad14e0c..4ff7e5bd35 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/accessors_indexes.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/accessors_indexes.go
@@ -17,8 +17,6 @@
 package rawdb
 
 import (
-	"encoding/binary"
-
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
@@ -28,7 +26,7 @@ import (
 // ReadTxLookupEntry retrieves the positional metadata associated with a transaction
 // hash to allow retrieving the transaction or receipt by hash.
 func ReadTxLookupEntry(db DatabaseReader, hash common.Hash) (common.Hash, uint64, uint64) {
-	data, _ := db.Get(append(txLookupPrefix, hash.Bytes()...))
+	data, _ := db.Get(txLookupKey(hash))
 	if len(data) == 0 {
 		return common.Hash{}, 0, 0
 	}
@@ -53,7 +51,7 @@ func WriteTxLookupEntries(db DatabaseWriter, block *types.Block) {
 		if err != nil {
 			log.Crit("Failed to encode transaction lookup entry", "err", err)
 		}
-		if err := db.Put(append(txLookupPrefix, tx.Hash().Bytes()...), data); err != nil {
+		if err := db.Put(txLookupKey(tx.Hash()), data); err != nil {
 			log.Crit("Failed to store transaction lookup entry", "err", err)
 		}
 	}
@@ -61,7 +59,7 @@ func WriteTxLookupEntries(db DatabaseWriter, block *types.Block) {
 
 // DeleteTxLookupEntry removes all transaction data associated with a hash.
 func DeleteTxLookupEntry(db DatabaseDeleter, hash common.Hash) {
-	db.Delete(append(txLookupPrefix, hash.Bytes()...))
+	db.Delete(txLookupKey(hash))
 }
 
 // ReadTransaction retrieves a specific transaction from the database, along with
@@ -97,23 +95,13 @@ func ReadReceipt(db DatabaseReader, hash common.Hash) (*types.Receipt, common.Ha
 // ReadBloomBits retrieves the compressed bloom bit vector belonging to the given
 // section and bit index from the.
 func ReadBloomBits(db DatabaseReader, bit uint, section uint64, head common.Hash) ([]byte, error) {
-	key := append(append(bloomBitsPrefix, make([]byte, 10)...), head.Bytes()...)
-
-	binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(key[1:], uint16(bit))
-	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(key[3:], section)
-
-	return db.Get(key)
+	return db.Get(bloomBitsKey(bit, section, head))
 }
 
 // WriteBloomBits stores the compressed bloom bits vector belonging to the given
 // section and bit index.
 func WriteBloomBits(db DatabaseWriter, bit uint, section uint64, head common.Hash, bits []byte) {
-	key := append(append(bloomBitsPrefix, make([]byte, 10)...), head.Bytes()...)
-
-	binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(key[1:], uint16(bit))
-	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(key[3:], section)
-
-	if err := db.Put(key, bits); err != nil {
+	if err := db.Put(bloomBitsKey(bit, section, head), bits); err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to store bloom bits", "err", err)
 	}
 }
diff --git a/core/rawdb/accessors_metadata.go b/core/rawdb/accessors_metadata.go
index 73ab983f2b..514328e87b 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/accessors_metadata.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/accessors_metadata.go
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ func WriteDatabaseVersion(db DatabaseWriter, version int) {
 
 // ReadChainConfig retrieves the consensus settings based on the given genesis hash.
 func ReadChainConfig(db DatabaseReader, hash common.Hash) *params.ChainConfig {
-	data, _ := db.Get(append(configPrefix, hash[:]...))
+	data, _ := db.Get(configKey(hash))
 	if len(data) == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -66,14 +66,14 @@ func WriteChainConfig(db DatabaseWriter, hash common.Hash, cfg *params.ChainConf
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to JSON encode chain config", "err", err)
 	}
-	if err := db.Put(append(configPrefix, hash[:]...), data); err != nil {
+	if err := db.Put(configKey(hash), data); err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to store chain config", "err", err)
 	}
 }
 
 // ReadPreimage retrieves a single preimage of the provided hash.
 func ReadPreimage(db DatabaseReader, hash common.Hash) []byte {
-	data, _ := db.Get(append(preimagePrefix, hash.Bytes()...))
+	data, _ := db.Get(preimageKey(hash))
 	return data
 }
 
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ func ReadPreimage(db DatabaseReader, hash common.Hash) []byte {
 // current block number, and is used for debug messages only.
 func WritePreimages(db DatabaseWriter, number uint64, preimages map[common.Hash][]byte) {
 	for hash, preimage := range preimages {
-		if err := db.Put(append(preimagePrefix, hash.Bytes()...), preimage); err != nil {
+		if err := db.Put(preimageKey(hash), preimage); err != nil {
 			log.Crit("Failed to store trie preimage", "err", err)
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/core/rawdb/schema.go b/core/rawdb/schema.go
index a4b1596fde..ef597ef309 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/schema.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/schema.go
@@ -77,3 +77,58 @@ func encodeBlockNumber(number uint64) []byte {
 	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(enc, number)
 	return enc
 }
+
+// headerKey = headerPrefix + num (uint64 big endian) + hash
+func headerKey(number uint64, hash common.Hash) []byte {
+	return append(append(headerPrefix, encodeBlockNumber(number)...), hash.Bytes()...)
+}
+
+// headerTDKey = headerPrefix + num (uint64 big endian) + hash + headerTDSuffix
+func headerTDKey(number uint64, hash common.Hash) []byte {
+	return append(headerKey(number, hash), headerTDSuffix...)
+}
+
+// headerHashKey = headerPrefix + num (uint64 big endian) + headerHashSuffix
+func headerHashKey(number uint64) []byte {
+	return append(append(headerPrefix, encodeBlockNumber(number)...), headerHashSuffix...)
+}
+
+// headerNumberKey = headerNumberPrefix + hash
+func headerNumberKey(hash common.Hash) []byte {
+	return append(headerNumberPrefix, hash.Bytes()...)
+}
+
+// blockBodyKey = blockBodyPrefix + num (uint64 big endian) + hash
+func blockBodyKey(number uint64, hash common.Hash) []byte {
+	return append(append(blockBodyPrefix, encodeBlockNumber(number)...), hash.Bytes()...)
+}
+
+// blockReceiptsKey = blockReceiptsPrefix + num (uint64 big endian) + hash
+func blockReceiptsKey(number uint64, hash common.Hash) []byte {
+	return append(append(blockReceiptsPrefix, encodeBlockNumber(number)...), hash.Bytes()...)
+}
+
+// txLookupKey = txLookupPrefix + hash
+func txLookupKey(hash common.Hash) []byte {
+	return append(txLookupPrefix, hash.Bytes()...)
+}
+
+// bloomBitsKey = bloomBitsPrefix + bit (uint16 big endian) + section (uint64 big endian) + hash
+func bloomBitsKey(bit uint, section uint64, hash common.Hash) []byte {
+	key := append(append(bloomBitsPrefix, make([]byte, 10)...), hash.Bytes()...)
+
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(key[1:], uint16(bit))
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(key[3:], section)
+
+	return key
+}
+
+// preimageKey = preimagePrefix + hash
+func preimageKey(hash common.Hash) []byte {
+	return append(preimagePrefix, hash.Bytes()...)
+}
+
+// configKey = configPrefix + hash
+func configKey(hash common.Hash) []byte {
+	return append(configPrefix, hash.Bytes()...)
+}