From ddefb0959fe4d0691cc401c86f90db40eaa5dba0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gary Rong <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Aug 2024 11:12:43 +0800
Subject: [PATCH] core/rawdb: introduce index flush offset

---
 core/blockchain.go                    |   9 +-
 core/rawdb/ancient_scheme.go          |  35 ++-
 core/rawdb/ancient_utils.go           |   7 +-
 core/rawdb/chain_freezer.go           |   2 +-
 core/rawdb/freezer.go                 |  11 +-
 core/rawdb/freezer_batch.go           |   2 +
 core/rawdb/freezer_meta.go            | 180 ++++++++++-----
 core/rawdb/freezer_meta_test.go       |  67 +++++-
 core/rawdb/freezer_resettable.go      |   2 +-
 core/rawdb/freezer_resettable_test.go |   6 +-
 core/rawdb/freezer_table.go           | 155 +++++++++----
 core/rawdb/freezer_table_test.go      | 314 ++++++++++++++++++--------
 core/rawdb/freezer_test.go            |  45 ++--
 13 files changed, 598 insertions(+), 237 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/blockchain.go b/core/blockchain.go
index 5d1cf533fc..5ae2898609 100644
--- a/core/blockchain.go
+++ b/core/blockchain.go
@@ -111,21 +111,28 @@ const (
 	//   * the `BlockNumber`, `TxHash`, `TxIndex`, `BlockHash` and `Index` fields of log are deleted
 	//   * the `Bloom` field of receipt is deleted
 	//   * the `BlockIndex` and `TxIndex` fields of txlookup are deleted
+	//
 	// - Version 5
 	//  The following incompatible database changes were added:
 	//    * the `TxHash`, `GasCost`, and `ContractAddress` fields are no longer stored for a receipt
 	//    * the `TxHash`, `GasCost`, and `ContractAddress` fields are computed by looking up the
 	//      receipts' corresponding block
+	//
 	// - Version 6
 	//  The following incompatible database changes were added:
 	//    * Transaction lookup information stores the corresponding block number instead of block hash
+	//
 	// - Version 7
 	//  The following incompatible database changes were added:
 	//    * Use freezer as the ancient database to maintain all ancient data
+	//
 	// - Version 8
 	//  The following incompatible database changes were added:
 	//    * New scheme for contract code in order to separate the codes and trie nodes
-	BlockChainVersion uint64 = 8
+	//
+	// - Version 9
+	//    * The metadata structure of freezer is changed by adding one more field 'IndexFlushOffset'
+	BlockChainVersion uint64 = 9
 )
 
 // CacheConfig contains the configuration values for the trie database
diff --git a/core/rawdb/ancient_scheme.go b/core/rawdb/ancient_scheme.go
index 371fd384ad..83c620145c 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/ancient_scheme.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/ancient_scheme.go
@@ -50,10 +50,25 @@ var chainFreezerNoSnappy = map[string]bool{
 	ChainFreezerDifficultyTable: true,
 }
 
-const (
-	// stateHistoryTableSize defines the maximum size of freezer data files.
-	stateHistoryTableSize = 2 * 1000 * 1000 * 1000
+// chainFreezerSize configures the maximum size for each freezer table data files.
+var chainFreezerSize = map[string]uint32{
+	// The size of each item's value is roughly 650 bytes, about 2 millions
+	// items per data file.
+	ChainFreezerHeaderTable: 2 * 1000 * 1000 * 1000,
+
+	// The size of each item’s value is fixed at 32 bytes, 2 millions items
+	// per data file.
+	ChainFreezerHashTable: 64 * 1000 * 1000,
+
+	// The size of each item’s value is less than 10 bytes, 2 millions items
+	// per data file.
+	ChainFreezerDifficultyTable: 20 * 1000 * 1000,
+
+	ChainFreezerBodiesTable:  2 * 1000 * 1000 * 1000,
+	ChainFreezerReceiptTable: 2 * 1000 * 1000 * 1000,
+}
 
+const (
 	// stateHistoryAccountIndex indicates the name of the freezer state history table.
 	stateHistoryMeta         = "history.meta"
 	stateHistoryAccountIndex = "account.index"
@@ -62,6 +77,7 @@ const (
 	stateHistoryStorageData  = "storage.data"
 )
 
+// stateFreezerNoSnappy configures whether compression is disabled for the state freezer.
 var stateFreezerNoSnappy = map[string]bool{
 	stateHistoryMeta:         true,
 	stateHistoryAccountIndex: false,
@@ -70,6 +86,17 @@ var stateFreezerNoSnappy = map[string]bool{
 	stateHistoryStorageData:  false,
 }
 
+// stateFreezerSize configures the maximum size for each freezer table data files.
+var stateFreezerSize = map[string]uint32{
+	// The size of each item's value is fixed at 73 bytes, about 2 millions
+	// items per data file.
+	stateHistoryMeta:         128 * 1000 * 1000,
+	stateHistoryAccountIndex: 2 * 1000 * 1000 * 1000,
+	stateHistoryStorageIndex: 2 * 1000 * 1000 * 1000,
+	stateHistoryAccountData:  2 * 1000 * 1000 * 1000,
+	stateHistoryStorageData:  2 * 1000 * 1000 * 1000,
+}
+
 // The list of identifiers of ancient stores.
 var (
 	ChainFreezerName       = "chain"        // the folder name of chain segment ancient store.
@@ -96,5 +123,5 @@ func NewStateFreezer(ancientDir string, verkle bool, readOnly bool) (ethdb.Reset
 	} else {
 		name = filepath.Join(ancientDir, MerkleStateFreezerName)
 	}
-	return newResettableFreezer(name, "eth/db/state", readOnly, stateHistoryTableSize, stateFreezerNoSnappy)
+	return newResettableFreezer(name, "eth/db/state", readOnly, stateFreezerSize, stateFreezerNoSnappy)
 }
diff --git a/core/rawdb/ancient_utils.go b/core/rawdb/ancient_utils.go
index 6804d7a91a..3d12d87014 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/ancient_utils.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/ancient_utils.go
@@ -120,12 +120,13 @@ func InspectFreezerTable(ancient string, freezerName string, tableName string, s
 	var (
 		path   string
 		tables map[string]bool
+		sizes  map[string]uint32
 	)
 	switch freezerName {
 	case ChainFreezerName:
-		path, tables = resolveChainFreezerDir(ancient), chainFreezerNoSnappy
+		path, tables, sizes = resolveChainFreezerDir(ancient), chainFreezerNoSnappy, chainFreezerSize
 	case MerkleStateFreezerName, VerkleStateFreezerName:
-		path, tables = filepath.Join(ancient, freezerName), stateFreezerNoSnappy
+		path, tables, sizes = filepath.Join(ancient, freezerName), stateFreezerNoSnappy, stateFreezerSize
 	default:
 		return fmt.Errorf("unknown freezer, supported ones: %v", freezers)
 	}
@@ -137,7 +138,7 @@ func InspectFreezerTable(ancient string, freezerName string, tableName string, s
 		}
 		return fmt.Errorf("unknown table, supported ones: %v", names)
 	}
-	table, err := newFreezerTable(path, tableName, noSnappy, true)
+	table, err := newFreezerTable(path, tableName, noSnappy, true, sizes[tableName])
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
diff --git a/core/rawdb/chain_freezer.go b/core/rawdb/chain_freezer.go
index 7a0b819b6f..dfee3f7c29 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/chain_freezer.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/chain_freezer.go
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ func newChainFreezer(datadir string, namespace string, readonly bool) (*chainFre
 	if datadir == "" {
 		freezer = NewMemoryFreezer(readonly, chainFreezerNoSnappy)
 	} else {
-		freezer, err = NewFreezer(datadir, namespace, readonly, freezerTableSize, chainFreezerNoSnappy)
+		freezer, err = NewFreezer(datadir, namespace, readonly, chainFreezerSize, chainFreezerNoSnappy)
 	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
diff --git a/core/rawdb/freezer.go b/core/rawdb/freezer.go
index 1b8df958d1..7514ba1f97 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/freezer.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/freezer.go
@@ -49,9 +49,6 @@ var (
 	errSymlinkDatadir = errors.New("symbolic link datadir is not supported")
 )
 
-// freezerTableSize defines the maximum size of freezer data files.
-const freezerTableSize = 2 * 1000 * 1000 * 1000
-
 // Freezer is an append-only database to store immutable ordered data into
 // flat files:
 //
@@ -77,7 +74,7 @@ type Freezer struct {
 //
 // The 'tables' argument defines the data tables. If the value of a map
 // entry is true, snappy compression is disabled for the table.
-func NewFreezer(datadir string, namespace string, readonly bool, maxTableSize uint32, tables map[string]bool) (*Freezer, error) {
+func NewFreezer(datadir string, namespace string, readonly bool, maxTableSize map[string]uint32, tables map[string]bool) (*Freezer, error) {
 	// Create the initial freezer object
 	var (
 		readMeter  = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter(namespace+"ancient/read", nil)
@@ -116,7 +113,11 @@ func NewFreezer(datadir string, namespace string, readonly bool, maxTableSize ui
 
 	// Create the tables.
 	for name, disableSnappy := range tables {
-		table, err := newTable(datadir, name, readMeter, writeMeter, sizeGauge, maxTableSize, disableSnappy, readonly)
+		size, exist := maxTableSize[name]
+		if !exist {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("table size for %q is not defined", name)
+		}
+		table, err := newTable(datadir, name, readMeter, writeMeter, sizeGauge, size, disableSnappy, readonly)
 		if err != nil {
 			for _, table := range freezer.tables {
 				table.Close()
diff --git a/core/rawdb/freezer_batch.go b/core/rawdb/freezer_batch.go
index 4e1b38df29..e2f0933fa0 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/freezer_batch.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/freezer_batch.go
@@ -194,6 +194,8 @@ func (batch *freezerTableBatch) commit() error {
 	dataSize := int64(len(batch.dataBuffer))
 	batch.dataBuffer = batch.dataBuffer[:0]
 
+	// index file is only fsync'd when the head data file is advanced
+	// for reducing the overhead.
 	_, err = batch.t.index.Write(batch.indexBuffer)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
diff --git a/core/rawdb/freezer_meta.go b/core/rawdb/freezer_meta.go
index 9eef9df351..629e42758d 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/freezer_meta.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/freezer_meta.go
@@ -17,93 +17,167 @@
 package rawdb
 
 import (
+	"errors"
 	"io"
 	"os"
 
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
 )
 
-const freezerVersion = 1 // The initial version tag of freezer table metadata
+const (
+	freezerTableV1 = 1 // Initial version of metadata struct
+	freezerTableV2 = 2 // New field: 'IndexFlushOffset'
+)
 
-// freezerTableMeta wraps all the metadata of the freezer table.
+// freezerTableMeta is a collection of additional properties that describe the
+// freezer table. These properties are designed with error resilience, allowing
+// them to be automatically corrected after an error occurs without significantly
+// impacting overall correctness.
 type freezerTableMeta struct {
-	// Version is the versioning descriptor of the freezer table.
-	Version uint16
+	file    *os.File // file handler of metadata
+	version uint16   // version descriptor of the freezer table
 
-	// VirtualTail indicates how many items have been marked as deleted.
-	// Its value is equal to the number of items removed from the table
-	// plus the number of items hidden in the table, so it should never
-	// be lower than the "actual tail".
-	VirtualTail uint64
-}
+	// virtualTail represents the number of items marked as deleted. It is
+	// calculated as the sum of items removed from the table and the items
+	// hidden within the table, and should never be less than the "actual tail".
+	//
+	// If lost due to a crash or other reasons, it will be reset to the number
+	// of items deleted from the table, causing the previously hidden items to
+	// become visible, which is an acceptable consequence.
+	virtualTail uint64
 
-// newMetadata initializes the metadata object with the given virtual tail.
-func newMetadata(tail uint64) *freezerTableMeta {
-	return &freezerTableMeta{
-		Version:     freezerVersion,
-		VirtualTail: tail,
-	}
+	// indexFlushOffset represents the offset in the index file up to which
+	// all data has been flushed (fsync’d) to disk. Beyond this offset, data
+	// integrity is not guaranteed, and a validation process is required
+	// before using the indexes.
+	//
+	// Typically, the offset refers to the location of the first index entry
+	// in the newest data file. However, in rare cases, this offset might point
+	// to an index entry in a fully flushed data file. This can happen if a
+	// crash occurs after the metadata offset is updated, but before the index
+	// file is modified during the tail truncation operation. In such cases,
+	// more items will be checked in index validation procedure which is an
+	// acceptable consequence.
+	indexFlushOffset uint64
 }
 
-// readMetadata reads the metadata of the freezer table from the
-// given metadata file.
-func readMetadata(file *os.File) (*freezerTableMeta, error) {
+// decodeV1 attempts to decode the metadata structure in v1 format. If fails or
+// the result is incompatible, nil is returned.
+func decodeV1(file *os.File) *freezerTableMeta {
 	_, err := file.Seek(0, io.SeekStart)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return nil
 	}
-	var meta freezerTableMeta
-	if err := rlp.Decode(file, &meta); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+	type obj struct {
+		Version uint16
+		Tail    uint64
+	}
+	var o obj
+	if err := rlp.Decode(file, &o); err != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if o.Version != freezerTableV1 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return &freezerTableMeta{
+		file:        file,
+		version:     freezerTableV2,
+		virtualTail: o.Tail,
 	}
-	return &meta, nil
 }
 
-// writeMetadata writes the metadata of the freezer table into the
-// given metadata file.
-func writeMetadata(file *os.File, meta *freezerTableMeta) error {
+// decodeV2 attempts to decode the metadata structure in v2 format. If fails or
+// the result is incompatible, nil is returned.
+func decodeV2(file *os.File) *freezerTableMeta {
 	_, err := file.Seek(0, io.SeekStart)
 	if err != nil {
-		return err
+		return nil
+	}
+	type obj struct {
+		Version uint16
+		Tail    uint64
+		Offset  uint64
+	}
+	var o obj
+	if err := rlp.Decode(file, &o); err != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if o.Version != freezerTableV2 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return &freezerTableMeta{
+		file:             file,
+		version:          freezerTableV2,
+		virtualTail:      o.Tail,
+		indexFlushOffset: o.Offset,
 	}
-	return rlp.Encode(file, meta)
 }
 
-// loadMetadata loads the metadata from the given metadata file.
-// Initializes the metadata file with the given "actual tail" if
-// it's empty.
-func loadMetadata(file *os.File, tail uint64) (*freezerTableMeta, error) {
+// newMetadata initializes the metadata object, either by loading the content
+// from the file or constructs a new one from scratch.
+func newMetadata(file *os.File) (*freezerTableMeta, error) {
 	stat, err := file.Stat()
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	// Write the metadata with the given actual tail into metadata file
-	// if it's non-existent. There are two possible scenarios here:
-	// - the freezer table is empty
-	// - the freezer table is legacy
-	// In both cases, write the meta into the file with the actual tail
-	// as the virtual tail.
 	if stat.Size() == 0 {
-		m := newMetadata(tail)
-		if err := writeMetadata(file, m); err != nil {
+		m := &freezerTableMeta{
+			file:             file,
+			version:          freezerTableV2,
+			virtualTail:      0,
+			indexFlushOffset: 0,
+		}
+		if err := m.write(true); err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 		return m, nil
 	}
-	m, err := readMetadata(file)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+	if m := decodeV2(file); m != nil {
+		return m, nil
 	}
-	// Update the virtual tail with the given actual tail if it's even
-	// lower than it. Theoretically it shouldn't happen at all, print
-	// a warning here.
-	if m.VirtualTail < tail {
-		log.Warn("Updated virtual tail", "have", m.VirtualTail, "now", tail)
-		m.VirtualTail = tail
-		if err := writeMetadata(file, m); err != nil {
+	if m := decodeV1(file); m != nil {
+		// Upgrade the existent legacy metadata to new version
+		if err := m.write(true); err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
+		return m, nil
+	}
+	return nil, errors.New("failed to decode metadata")
+}
+
+// setVirtualTail sets the virtual tail and flushes the metadata.
+func (m *freezerTableMeta) setVirtualTail(tail uint64, sync bool) error {
+	m.virtualTail = tail
+	return m.write(sync)
+}
+
+// setIndexFlushOffset sets the flush offset and flushes the metadata.
+func (m *freezerTableMeta) setIndexFlushOffset(offset uint64, sync bool) error {
+	m.indexFlushOffset = offset
+	return m.write(sync)
+}
+
+// write flushes the content of metadata into file and performs a fsync if required.
+func (m *freezerTableMeta) write(sync bool) error {
+	type obj struct {
+		Version uint16
+		Tail    uint64
+		Offset  uint64
+	}
+	var o obj
+	o.Version = m.version
+	o.Tail = m.virtualTail
+	o.Offset = m.indexFlushOffset
+
+	_, err := m.file.Seek(0, io.SeekStart)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := rlp.Encode(m.file, &o); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if !sync {
+		return nil
 	}
-	return m, nil
+	return m.file.Sync()
 }
diff --git a/core/rawdb/freezer_meta_test.go b/core/rawdb/freezer_meta_test.go
index 409e811026..2f93033368 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/freezer_meta_test.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/freezer_meta_test.go
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@ package rawdb
 import (
 	"os"
 	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
 )
 
 func TestReadWriteFreezerTableMeta(t *testing.T) {
@@ -27,36 +29,81 @@ func TestReadWriteFreezerTableMeta(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to create file %v", err)
 	}
 	defer f.Close()
-	err = writeMetadata(f, newMetadata(100))
+
+	meta, err := newMetadata(f)
 	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("Failed to write metadata %v", err)
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to new metadata %v", err)
 	}
-	meta, err := readMetadata(f)
+	meta.setVirtualTail(100, false)
+
+	meta, err = newMetadata(f)
 	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("Failed to read metadata %v", err)
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to reload metadata %v", err)
 	}
-	if meta.Version != freezerVersion {
+	if meta.version != freezerTableV2 {
 		t.Fatalf("Unexpected version field")
 	}
-	if meta.VirtualTail != uint64(100) {
+	if meta.virtualTail != uint64(100) {
 		t.Fatalf("Unexpected virtual tail field")
 	}
 }
 
-func TestInitializeFreezerTableMeta(t *testing.T) {
+func TestUpgradeMetadata(t *testing.T) {
 	f, err := os.CreateTemp(t.TempDir(), "*")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to create file %v", err)
 	}
 	defer f.Close()
-	meta, err := loadMetadata(f, uint64(100))
+
+	// Write legacy metadata into file
+	type obj struct {
+		Version uint16
+		Tail    uint64
+	}
+	var o obj
+	o.Version = freezerTableV1
+	o.Tail = 100
+
+	if err := rlp.Encode(f, &o); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to encode %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Reload the metadata, a silent upgrade is expected
+	meta, err := newMetadata(f)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to read metadata %v", err)
 	}
-	if meta.Version != freezerVersion {
+	if meta.version != freezerTableV2 {
 		t.Fatalf("Unexpected version field")
 	}
-	if meta.VirtualTail != uint64(100) {
+	if meta.virtualTail != uint64(100) {
 		t.Fatalf("Unexpected virtual tail field")
 	}
 }
+
+func TestInvalidMetadata(t *testing.T) {
+	f, err := os.CreateTemp(t.TempDir(), "*")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to create file %v", err)
+	}
+	defer f.Close()
+
+	// Write invalid legacy metadata into file
+	type obj struct {
+		Version uint16
+		Tail    uint64
+	}
+	var o obj
+	o.Version = freezerTableV2 // -> invalid version tag
+	o.Tail = 100
+
+	if err := rlp.Encode(f, &o); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to encode %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Reload the metadata, a silent upgrade is expected
+	_, err = newMetadata(f)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Unexpected success")
+	}
+}
diff --git a/core/rawdb/freezer_resettable.go b/core/rawdb/freezer_resettable.go
index b147995066..3ae5a03af4 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/freezer_resettable.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/freezer_resettable.go
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ type resettableFreezer struct {
 //
 // The reset function will delete directory atomically and re-create the
 // freezer from scratch.
-func newResettableFreezer(datadir string, namespace string, readonly bool, maxTableSize uint32, tables map[string]bool) (*resettableFreezer, error) {
+func newResettableFreezer(datadir string, namespace string, readonly bool, maxTableSize map[string]uint32, tables map[string]bool) (*resettableFreezer, error) {
 	if err := cleanup(datadir); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
diff --git a/core/rawdb/freezer_resettable_test.go b/core/rawdb/freezer_resettable_test.go
index 61dc23d798..bd3cf9b3df 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/freezer_resettable_test.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/freezer_resettable_test.go
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ func TestResetFreezer(t *testing.T) {
 		{1, bytes.Repeat([]byte{1}, 2048)},
 		{2, bytes.Repeat([]byte{2}, 2048)},
 	}
-	f, _ := newResettableFreezer(t.TempDir(), "", false, 2048, freezerTestTableDef)
+	f, _ := newResettableFreezer(t.TempDir(), "", false, freezerTestTableSize, freezerTestTableDef)
 	defer f.Close()
 
 	f.ModifyAncients(func(op ethdb.AncientWriteOp) error {
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ func TestFreezerCleanup(t *testing.T) {
 		{2, bytes.Repeat([]byte{2}, 2048)},
 	}
 	datadir := t.TempDir()
-	f, _ := newResettableFreezer(datadir, "", false, 2048, freezerTestTableDef)
+	f, _ := newResettableFreezer(datadir, "", false, freezerTestTableSize, freezerTestTableDef)
 	f.ModifyAncients(func(op ethdb.AncientWriteOp) error {
 		for _, item := range items {
 			op.AppendRaw("test", item.id, item.blob)
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ func TestFreezerCleanup(t *testing.T) {
 	os.Rename(datadir, tmpName(datadir))
 
 	// Open the freezer again, trigger cleanup operation
-	f, _ = newResettableFreezer(datadir, "", false, 2048, freezerTestTableDef)
+	f, _ = newResettableFreezer(datadir, "", false, freezerTestTableSize, freezerTestTableDef)
 	f.Close()
 
 	if _, err := os.Lstat(tmpName(datadir)); !os.IsNotExist(err) {
diff --git a/core/rawdb/freezer_table.go b/core/rawdb/freezer_table.go
index a8ed17b371..c7e44282ef 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/freezer_table.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/freezer_table.go
@@ -108,11 +108,12 @@ type freezerTable struct {
 
 	head   *os.File            // File descriptor for the data head of the table
 	index  *os.File            // File descriptor for the indexEntry file of the table
-	meta   *os.File            // File descriptor for metadata of the table
 	files  map[uint32]*os.File // open files
 	headId uint32              // number of the currently active head file
 	tailId uint32              // number of the earliest file
 
+	metadata *freezerTableMeta // metadata of the table
+
 	headBytes  int64         // Number of bytes written to the head file
 	readMeter  metrics.Meter // Meter for measuring the effective amount of data read
 	writeMeter metrics.Meter // Meter for measuring the effective amount of data written
@@ -123,8 +124,8 @@ type freezerTable struct {
 }
 
 // newFreezerTable opens the given path as a freezer table.
-func newFreezerTable(path, name string, disableSnappy, readonly bool) (*freezerTable, error) {
-	return newTable(path, name, metrics.NilMeter{}, metrics.NilMeter{}, metrics.NilGauge{}, freezerTableSize, disableSnappy, readonly)
+func newFreezerTable(path, name string, disableSnappy, readonly bool, maxSize uint32) (*freezerTable, error) {
+	return newTable(path, name, metrics.NilMeter{}, metrics.NilMeter{}, metrics.NilGauge{}, maxSize, disableSnappy, readonly)
 }
 
 // newTable opens a freezer table, creating the data and index files if they are
@@ -166,10 +167,15 @@ func newTable(path string, name string, readMeter metrics.Meter, writeMeter metr
 			return nil, err
 		}
 	}
+	// Load metadata from the file
+	metadata, err := newMetadata(meta)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
 	// Create the table and repair any past inconsistency
 	tab := &freezerTable{
 		index:         index,
-		meta:          meta,
+		metadata:      metadata,
 		files:         make(map[uint32]*os.File),
 		readMeter:     readMeter,
 		writeMeter:    writeMeter,
@@ -222,8 +228,9 @@ func (t *freezerTable) repair() error {
 		} // New file can't trigger this path
 	}
 	// Validate the index file as it might contain some garbage data after the
-	// power failures.
-	if err := t.repairIndex(); err != nil {
+	// power failures. The data before the 'IndexFlushOffset' are considered
+	// as fully flushed and can be skipped for verification.
+	if err := t.repairIndex(int64(t.metadata.indexFlushOffset)); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	// Retrieve the file sizes and prepare for truncation. Note the file size
@@ -253,12 +260,14 @@ func (t *freezerTable) repair() error {
 	t.tailId = firstIndex.filenum
 	t.itemOffset.Store(uint64(firstIndex.offset))
 
-	// Load metadata from the file
-	meta, err := loadMetadata(t.meta, t.itemOffset.Load())
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
+	// Adjust the number of hidden items if it is less than the number of items
+	// being removed.
+	if t.itemOffset.Load() > t.metadata.virtualTail {
+		if err := t.metadata.setVirtualTail(t.itemOffset.Load(), true); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 	}
-	t.itemHidden.Store(meta.VirtualTail)
+	t.itemHidden.Store(t.metadata.virtualTail)
 
 	// Read the last index, use the default value in case the freezer is empty
 	if offsetsSize == indexEntrySize {
@@ -304,6 +313,17 @@ func (t *freezerTable) repair() error {
 		// Truncate the index to point within the head file
 		if contentExp > contentSize {
 			t.logger.Warn("Truncating dangling indexes", "indexes", offsetsSize/indexEntrySize, "indexed", contentExp, "stored", contentSize)
+
+			// If table truncation removes all items after the indexFlushOffset, reset it
+			// to zero to force a full validation of the index file on the next restart.
+			//
+			// This operation should be performed before modifying the index file. In the
+			// worst-case scenario, the offset modification could be persisted without any
+			// changes to the index file due to an unexpected power failure, resulting in
+			// some additional validation workload, which is an acceptable consequence.
+			if t.metadata.indexFlushOffset < uint64(offsetsSize-indexEntrySize) {
+				t.metadata.setIndexFlushOffset(0, true)
+			}
 			if err := truncateFreezerFile(t.index, offsetsSize-indexEntrySize); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
@@ -345,9 +365,6 @@ func (t *freezerTable) repair() error {
 		if err := t.head.Sync(); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		if err := t.meta.Sync(); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
 	}
 	// Update the item and byte counters and return
 	t.items.Store(t.itemOffset.Load() + uint64(offsetsSize/indexEntrySize-1)) // last indexEntry points to the end of the data file
@@ -392,7 +409,7 @@ func (t *freezerTable) repair() error {
 // leftover garbage or if all items in the table have zero size is impossible.
 // In such instances, the file will remain unchanged to prevent potential data
 // loss or misinterpretation.
-func (t *freezerTable) repairIndex() error {
+func (t *freezerTable) repairIndex(checkOffset int64) error {
 	// Retrieve the file sizes and prepare for validation
 	stat, err := t.index.Stat()
 	if err != nil {
@@ -400,8 +417,19 @@ func (t *freezerTable) repairIndex() error {
 	}
 	size := stat.Size()
 
-	// Move the read cursor to the beginning of the file
-	_, err = t.index.Seek(0, io.SeekStart)
+	// Short circuit if the specified start offset is out of range.
+	if checkOffset > size {
+		return fmt.Errorf("index check offset out of range, offset: %d, size: %d", checkOffset, size)
+	}
+	// Short circuit if the offset points to the end of index file,
+	// it could happen when all items in the latest data file are
+	// truncated. In this case, all the items in the index file are
+	// fully synced and nothing to validate.
+	if checkOffset == size {
+		return nil
+	}
+	// Move the read cursor to the specified offset
+	_, err = t.index.Seek(checkOffset, io.SeekStart)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -411,7 +439,6 @@ func (t *freezerTable) repairIndex() error {
 		start = time.Now()
 		buff  = make([]byte, indexEntrySize)
 		prev  indexEntry
-		head  indexEntry
 
 		read = func() (indexEntry, error) {
 			n, err := io.ReadFull(fr, buff)
@@ -436,27 +463,27 @@ func (t *freezerTable) repairIndex() error {
 			return nil
 		}
 	)
-	for offset := int64(0); offset < size; offset += indexEntrySize {
+	for offset := checkOffset; offset < size; offset += indexEntrySize {
 		entry, err := read()
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		if offset == 0 {
-			head = entry
+		if offset == checkOffset {
+			prev = entry
 			continue
 		}
-		// Ensure that the first non-head index refers to the earliest file,
-		// or the next file if the earliest file has no space to place the
-		// first item.
+		// Specialize if the index validation starts from zero, in which the "offset"
+		// field of the first index entry represents the number of deleted items
+		// from the tail, rather the offset in the data file. Therefore, skip the
+		// offset validation for the first two entries.
 		if offset == indexEntrySize {
-			if entry.filenum != head.filenum && entry.filenum != head.filenum+1 {
-				log.Error("Corrupted index item detected", "earliest", head.filenum, "filenumber", entry.filenum)
+			if entry.filenum != prev.filenum && entry.filenum != prev.filenum+1 {
+				log.Error("Corrupted index item detected", "earliest", prev.filenum, "next", entry.filenum)
 				return truncate(offset)
 			}
 			prev = entry
 			continue
 		}
-		// ensure two consecutive index items are in order
 		if err := t.checkIndexItems(prev, entry); err != nil {
 			log.Error("Corrupted index item detected", "err", err)
 			return truncate(offset)
@@ -470,7 +497,7 @@ func (t *freezerTable) repairIndex() error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	log.Debug("Verified index file", "items", size/indexEntrySize, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
+	log.Debug("Verified index file", "items", (size-checkOffset)/indexEntrySize, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -550,6 +577,17 @@ func (t *freezerTable) truncateHead(items uint64) error {
 	// Truncate the index file first, the tail position is also considered
 	// when calculating the new freezer table length.
 	length := items - t.itemOffset.Load()
+
+	// If head truncation removes all items after the indexFlushOffset, reset it
+	// to zero to force a full validation of the index file on the next restart.
+	//
+	// This operation should be performed before modifying the index file. In the
+	// worst-case scenario, the offset modification could be persisted without any
+	// changes to the index file due to an unexpected power failure, resulting in
+	// some additional validation workload, which is an acceptable consequence.
+	if t.metadata.indexFlushOffset > (length+1)*indexEntrySize {
+		t.metadata.setIndexFlushOffset(0, true)
+	}
 	if err := truncateFreezerFile(t.index, int64(length+1)*indexEntrySize); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -652,7 +690,10 @@ func (t *freezerTable) truncateTail(items uint64) error {
 	}
 	// Update the virtual tail marker and hidden these entries in table.
 	t.itemHidden.Store(items)
-	if err := writeMetadata(t.meta, newMetadata(items)); err != nil {
+
+	// Update the virtual tail without fsync, otherwise it will significantly
+	// impact the overall performance.
+	if err := t.metadata.setVirtualTail(items, false); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	// Hidden items still fall in the current tail file, no data file
@@ -681,10 +722,24 @@ func (t *freezerTable) truncateTail(items uint64) error {
 		}
 		newDeleted = current
 	}
-	// Commit the changes of metadata file first before manipulating
-	// the indexes file.
-	if err := t.meta.Sync(); err != nil {
-		return err
+	// Move backward the index flush offset due to the index segment deletion.
+	//
+	// This operation should be performed before modifying the index file. In the
+	// worst-case scenario, the offset modification could be persisted without any
+	// changes to the index file due to an unexpected power failure, resulting in
+	// some additional validation workload, which is an acceptable consequence.
+	shorten := indexEntrySize * (newDeleted - deleted)
+	if t.metadata.indexFlushOffset <= shorten {
+		// It's never expected to happen, reset the flush offset to zero just
+		// in case.
+		t.logger.Error("Reset the index flush offset", "current", t.metadata.indexFlushOffset, "shorten", shorten)
+		if err := t.metadata.setIndexFlushOffset(0, true); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	} else {
+		if err := t.metadata.setIndexFlushOffset(t.metadata.indexFlushOffset-shorten, true); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 	}
 	// Close the index file before shorten it.
 	if err := t.index.Close(); err != nil {
@@ -746,7 +801,7 @@ func (t *freezerTable) Close() error {
 	// Trying to fsync a file opened in rdonly causes "Access denied"
 	// error on Windows.
 	doClose(t.index, true, true)
-	doClose(t.meta, true, true)
+	doClose(t.metadata.file, true, true)
 
 	// The preopened non-head data-files are all opened in readonly.
 	// The head is opened in rw-mode, so we sync it here - but since it's also
@@ -757,7 +812,6 @@ func (t *freezerTable) Close() error {
 		doClose(f, false, true) // close but do not sync
 	}
 	t.index = nil
-	t.meta = nil
 	t.head = nil
 
 	if errs != nil {
@@ -917,7 +971,7 @@ func (t *freezerTable) retrieveItems(start, count, maxBytes uint64) ([]byte, []i
 	defer t.lock.RUnlock()
 
 	// Ensure the table and the item are accessible
-	if t.index == nil || t.head == nil || t.meta == nil {
+	if t.index == nil || t.head == nil {
 		return nil, nil, errClosed
 	}
 	var (
@@ -1042,6 +1096,21 @@ func (t *freezerTable) advanceHead() error {
 	t.lock.Lock()
 	defer t.lock.Unlock()
 
+	// Flush the index file content into disk whenever the head is advanced.
+	// It should be performed before updating the index flush offset.
+	if err := t.index.Sync(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	// Move forward the flush offset to skip unnecessary validation workload
+	stat, err := t.index.Stat()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	// Move the index flush offset forward to reduce the workload for index
+	// validation.
+	if err := t.metadata.setIndexFlushOffset(uint64(stat.Size()), true); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	// We open the next file in truncated mode -- if this file already
 	// exists, we need to start over from scratch on it.
 	nextID := t.headId + 1
@@ -1069,7 +1138,7 @@ func (t *freezerTable) advanceHead() error {
 func (t *freezerTable) Sync() error {
 	t.lock.Lock()
 	defer t.lock.Unlock()
-	if t.index == nil || t.head == nil || t.meta == nil {
+	if t.index == nil || t.head == nil {
 		return errClosed
 	}
 	var err error
@@ -1078,10 +1147,9 @@ func (t *freezerTable) Sync() error {
 			err = e
 		}
 	}
-
 	trackError(t.index.Sync())
-	trackError(t.meta.Sync())
 	trackError(t.head.Sync())
+	trackError(t.metadata.file.Sync())
 	return err
 }
 
@@ -1097,13 +1165,8 @@ func (t *freezerTable) dumpIndexString(start, stop int64) string {
 }
 
 func (t *freezerTable) dumpIndex(w io.Writer, start, stop int64) {
-	meta, err := readMetadata(t.meta)
-	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Fprintf(w, "Failed to decode freezer table %v\n", err)
-		return
-	}
-	fmt.Fprintf(w, "Version %d count %d, deleted %d, hidden %d\n", meta.Version,
-		t.items.Load(), t.itemOffset.Load(), t.itemHidden.Load())
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "Version %d count %d, deleted %d, hidden %d\n",
+		t.metadata.version, t.items.Load(), t.itemOffset.Load(), t.itemHidden.Load())
 
 	buf := make([]byte, indexEntrySize)
 
diff --git a/core/rawdb/freezer_table_test.go b/core/rawdb/freezer_table_test.go
index fd6e3cf199..75cc936aea 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/freezer_table_test.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/freezer_table_test.go
@@ -206,6 +206,19 @@ func TestFreezerRepairDanglingHeadLarge(t *testing.T) {
 	idxFile.Truncate(2*indexEntrySize + indexEntrySize/2)
 	idxFile.Close()
 
+	// reset the check offset
+	m := filepath.Join(os.TempDir(), fmt.Sprintf("%s.meta", fname))
+	metaFile, err := os.OpenFile(m, os.O_RDWR, 0644)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	meta, err := newMetadata(metaFile)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	meta.setIndexFlushOffset(0, true)
+	metaFile.Close()
+
 	// Now open it again
 	{
 		f, err := newTable(os.TempDir(), fname, rm, wm, sg, 50, true, false)
@@ -262,6 +275,19 @@ func TestSnappyDetection(t *testing.T) {
 		f.Close()
 	}
 
+	// reset the check offset
+	m := filepath.Join(os.TempDir(), fmt.Sprintf("%s.meta", fname))
+	metaFile, err := os.OpenFile(m, os.O_RDWR, 0644)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	meta, err := newMetadata(metaFile)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	meta.setIndexFlushOffset(0, true)
+	metaFile.Close()
+
 	// Open without snappy
 	{
 		f, err := newTable(os.TempDir(), fname, rm, wm, sg, 50, false, false)
@@ -521,93 +547,53 @@ func TestFreezerOffset(t *testing.T) {
 	fname := fmt.Sprintf("offset-%d", rand.Uint64())
 
 	// Fill table
-	{
-		f, err := newTable(os.TempDir(), fname, rm, wm, sg, 40, true, false)
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Fatal(err)
-		}
-
-		// Write 6 x 20 bytes, splitting out into three files
-		batch := f.newBatch()
-		require.NoError(t, batch.AppendRaw(0, getChunk(20, 0xFF)))
-		require.NoError(t, batch.AppendRaw(1, getChunk(20, 0xEE)))
-
-		require.NoError(t, batch.AppendRaw(2, getChunk(20, 0xdd)))
-		require.NoError(t, batch.AppendRaw(3, getChunk(20, 0xcc)))
-
-		require.NoError(t, batch.AppendRaw(4, getChunk(20, 0xbb)))
-		require.NoError(t, batch.AppendRaw(5, getChunk(20, 0xaa)))
-		require.NoError(t, batch.commit())
-
-		t.Log(f.dumpIndexString(0, 100))
-		f.Close()
+	f, err := newTable(os.TempDir(), fname, rm, wm, sg, 40, true, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 
-	// Now crop it.
-	{
-		// delete files 0 and 1
-		for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
-			p := filepath.Join(os.TempDir(), fmt.Sprintf("%v.%04d.rdat", fname, i))
-			if err := os.Remove(p); err != nil {
-				t.Fatal(err)
-			}
-		}
-		// Read the index file
-		p := filepath.Join(os.TempDir(), fmt.Sprintf("%v.ridx", fname))
-		indexFile, err := os.OpenFile(p, os.O_RDWR, 0644)
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Fatal(err)
-		}
-		indexBuf := make([]byte, 7*indexEntrySize)
-		indexFile.Read(indexBuf)
-
-		// Update the index file, so that we store
-		// [ file = 2, offset = 4 ] at index zero
+	// Write 6 x 20 bytes, splitting out into three files
+	batch := f.newBatch()
+	require.NoError(t, batch.AppendRaw(0, getChunk(20, 0xFF)))
+	require.NoError(t, batch.AppendRaw(1, getChunk(20, 0xEE)))
 
-		zeroIndex := indexEntry{
-			filenum: uint32(2), // First file is 2
-			offset:  uint32(4), // We have removed four items
-		}
-		buf := zeroIndex.append(nil)
+	require.NoError(t, batch.AppendRaw(2, getChunk(20, 0xdd)))
+	require.NoError(t, batch.AppendRaw(3, getChunk(20, 0xcc)))
 
-		// Overwrite index zero
-		copy(indexBuf, buf)
+	require.NoError(t, batch.AppendRaw(4, getChunk(20, 0xbb)))
+	require.NoError(t, batch.AppendRaw(5, getChunk(20, 0xaa)))
+	require.NoError(t, batch.commit())
 
-		// Remove the four next indices by overwriting
-		copy(indexBuf[indexEntrySize:], indexBuf[indexEntrySize*5:])
-		indexFile.WriteAt(indexBuf, 0)
+	t.Log(f.dumpIndexString(0, 100))
 
-		// Need to truncate the moved index items
-		indexFile.Truncate(indexEntrySize * (1 + 2))
-		indexFile.Close()
-	}
+	// Now crop it.
+	f.truncateTail(4)
+	f.Close()
 
 	// Now open again
-	{
-		f, err := newTable(os.TempDir(), fname, rm, wm, sg, 40, true, false)
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Fatal(err)
-		}
-		defer f.Close()
-		t.Log(f.dumpIndexString(0, 100))
+	f, err = newTable(os.TempDir(), fname, rm, wm, sg, 40, true, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	t.Log(f.dumpIndexString(0, 100))
 
-		// It should allow writing item 6.
-		batch := f.newBatch()
-		require.NoError(t, batch.AppendRaw(6, getChunk(20, 0x99)))
-		require.NoError(t, batch.commit())
+	// It should allow writing item 6.
+	batch = f.newBatch()
+	require.NoError(t, batch.AppendRaw(6, getChunk(20, 0x99)))
+	require.NoError(t, batch.commit())
 
-		checkRetrieveError(t, f, map[uint64]error{
-			0: errOutOfBounds,
-			1: errOutOfBounds,
-			2: errOutOfBounds,
-			3: errOutOfBounds,
-		})
-		checkRetrieve(t, f, map[uint64][]byte{
-			4: getChunk(20, 0xbb),
-			5: getChunk(20, 0xaa),
-			6: getChunk(20, 0x99),
-		})
-	}
+	checkRetrieveError(t, f, map[uint64]error{
+		0: errOutOfBounds,
+		1: errOutOfBounds,
+		2: errOutOfBounds,
+		3: errOutOfBounds,
+	})
+	checkRetrieve(t, f, map[uint64][]byte{
+		4: getChunk(20, 0xbb),
+		5: getChunk(20, 0xaa),
+		6: getChunk(20, 0x99),
+	})
+	f.Close()
 
 	// Edit the index again, with a much larger initial offset of 1M.
 	{
@@ -633,6 +619,19 @@ func TestFreezerOffset(t *testing.T) {
 		copy(indexBuf, buf)
 		indexFile.WriteAt(indexBuf, 0)
 		indexFile.Close()
+
+		// reset the check offset
+		m := filepath.Join(os.TempDir(), fmt.Sprintf("%s.meta", fname))
+		metaFile, err := os.OpenFile(m, os.O_RDWR, 0644)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		meta, err := newMetadata(metaFile)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		meta.setIndexFlushOffset(0, true)
+		metaFile.Close()
 	}
 
 	// Check that existing items have been moved to index 1M.
@@ -1369,45 +1368,63 @@ func TestRandom(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestIndexValidation(t *testing.T) {
-	const (
-		items    = 30
-		dataSize = 10
-	)
+	const dataSize = 10
+
 	garbage := indexEntry{
 		filenum: 100,
 		offset:  200,
 	}
 	var cases = []struct {
-		offset   int64
-		data     []byte
-		expItems int
+		write         int
+		offset        int64
+		data          []byte
+		expItems      int
+		hasCorruption bool
 	}{
 		// extend index file with zero bytes at the end
 		{
-			offset:   (items + 1) * indexEntrySize,
+			write:    5,
+			offset:   (5 + 1) * indexEntrySize,
 			data:     make([]byte, indexEntrySize),
-			expItems: 30,
+			expItems: 5,
+		},
+		// extend index file with unaligned zero bytes at the end
+		{
+			write:    5,
+			offset:   (5 + 1) * indexEntrySize,
+			data:     make([]byte, indexEntrySize*1.5),
+			expItems: 5,
 		},
 		// write garbage in the first non-head item
 		{
+			write:    5,
 			offset:   indexEntrySize,
 			data:     garbage.append(nil),
 			expItems: 0,
 		},
-		// write garbage in the first non-head item
+		// write garbage in the middle
 		{
-			offset:   (items/2 + 1) * indexEntrySize,
+			write:    5,
+			offset:   3 * indexEntrySize,
 			data:     garbage.append(nil),
-			expItems: items / 2,
+			expItems: 2,
+		},
+		// fulfill the first data file (but not yet advanced), the zero bytes
+		// at tail should be truncated.
+		{
+			write:    10,
+			offset:   11 * indexEntrySize,
+			data:     garbage.append(nil),
+			expItems: 10,
 		},
 	}
 	for _, c := range cases {
 		fn := fmt.Sprintf("t-%d", rand.Uint64())
-		f, err := newTable(os.TempDir(), fn, metrics.NewMeter(), metrics.NewMeter(), metrics.NewGauge(), 100, true, false)
+		f, err := newTable(os.TempDir(), fn, metrics.NewMeter(), metrics.NewMeter(), metrics.NewGauge(), 10*dataSize, true, false)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
-		writeChunks(t, f, items, dataSize)
+		writeChunks(t, f, c.write, dataSize)
 
 		// write corrupted data
 		f.index.WriteAt(c.data, c.offset)
@@ -1421,10 +1438,10 @@ func TestIndexValidation(t *testing.T) {
 		for i := 0; i < c.expItems; i++ {
 			exp := getChunk(10, i)
 			got, err := f.Retrieve(uint64(i))
-			if err != nil {
+			if err != nil && !c.hasCorruption {
 				t.Fatalf("Failed to read from table, %v", err)
 			}
-			if !bytes.Equal(exp, got) {
+			if !bytes.Equal(exp, got) && !c.hasCorruption {
 				t.Fatalf("Unexpected item data, want: %v, got: %v", exp, got)
 			}
 		}
@@ -1433,3 +1450,114 @@ func TestIndexValidation(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func TestIndexFlushOffsetTracking(t *testing.T) {
+	const (
+		items    = 35
+		dataSize = 10
+		fileSize = 100
+	)
+	fn := fmt.Sprintf("t-%d", rand.Uint64())
+	f, err := newTable(os.TempDir(), fn, metrics.NewMeter(), metrics.NewMeter(), metrics.NewGauge(), fileSize, true, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	// Data files:
+	//   F1(10 items) -> F2(10 items) -> F3(10 items) -> F4(5 items, non-full)
+	writeChunks(t, f, items, dataSize)
+
+	var cases = []struct {
+		op     func(*freezerTable)
+		offset uint64
+	}{
+		{
+			// Data files:
+			//   F1(10 items) -> F2(10 items) -> F3(10 items) -> F4(5 items, non-full)
+			func(f *freezerTable) {}, // no-op
+			31 * indexEntrySize,
+		},
+		{
+			// Write more items to fulfill the newest data file, but the file advance
+			// is not triggered.
+
+			// Data files:
+			//   F1(10 items) -> F2(10 items) -> F3(10 items) -> F4(10 items, full)
+			func(f *freezerTable) {
+				batch := f.newBatch()
+				for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
+					batch.AppendRaw(items+uint64(i), make([]byte, dataSize))
+				}
+				batch.commit()
+			},
+			31 * indexEntrySize,
+		},
+		{
+			// Write more items to trigger the data file advance
+
+			// Data files:
+			//   F1(10 items) -> F2(10 items) -> F3(10 items) -> F4(10 items) -> F5(1 item)
+			func(f *freezerTable) {
+				batch := f.newBatch()
+				batch.AppendRaw(items+5, make([]byte, dataSize))
+				batch.commit()
+			},
+			41 * indexEntrySize,
+		},
+		{
+			// Head truncate
+
+			// Data files:
+			//   F1(10 items) -> F2(10 items) -> F3(10 items) -> F4(10 items) -> F5(0 item)
+			func(f *freezerTable) {
+				f.truncateHead(items + 5)
+			},
+			41 * indexEntrySize,
+		},
+		{
+			// Tail truncate
+
+			// Data files:
+			//   F1(1 hidden, 9 visible) -> F2(10 items) -> F3(10 items) -> F4(10 items) -> F5(0 item)
+			func(f *freezerTable) {
+				f.truncateTail(1)
+			},
+			41 * indexEntrySize,
+		},
+		{
+			// Tail truncate
+
+			// Data files:
+			//   F2(10 items) -> F3(10 items) -> F4(10 items) -> F5(0 item)
+			func(f *freezerTable) {
+				f.truncateTail(10)
+			},
+			31 * indexEntrySize,
+		},
+		{
+			// Tail truncate
+
+			// Data files:
+			//   F4(10 items) -> F5(0 item)
+			func(f *freezerTable) {
+				f.truncateTail(30)
+			},
+			11 * indexEntrySize,
+		},
+		{
+			// Head truncate
+
+			// Data files:
+			//   F4(9 items)
+			func(f *freezerTable) {
+				f.truncateHead(items + 4)
+			},
+			0,
+		},
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		c.op(f)
+		if f.metadata.indexFlushOffset != c.offset {
+			t.Fatalf("Unexpected index flush offset, want: %d, got: %d", c.offset, f.metadata.indexFlushOffset)
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/core/rawdb/freezer_test.go b/core/rawdb/freezer_test.go
index 7d82ea305f..0bf658f7ea 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/freezer_test.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/freezer_test.go
@@ -31,7 +31,10 @@ import (
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
-var freezerTestTableDef = map[string]bool{"test": true}
+var (
+	freezerTestTableDef  = map[string]bool{"test": true}
+	freezerTestTableSize = map[string]uint32{"test": 2049}
+)
 
 func TestFreezerModify(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
@@ -48,7 +51,7 @@ func TestFreezerModify(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	tables := map[string]bool{"raw": true, "rlp": false}
-	f, _ := newFreezerForTesting(t, tables)
+	f, _ := newFreezerForTesting(t, tables, map[string]uint32{"raw": 2049, "rlp": 2049})
 	defer f.Close()
 
 	// Commit test data.
@@ -93,7 +96,7 @@ func TestFreezerModify(t *testing.T) {
 func TestFreezerModifyRollback(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
-	f, dir := newFreezerForTesting(t, freezerTestTableDef)
+	f, dir := newFreezerForTesting(t, freezerTestTableDef, freezerTestTableSize)
 
 	theError := errors.New("oops")
 	_, err := f.ModifyAncients(func(op ethdb.AncientWriteOp) error {
@@ -112,7 +115,7 @@ func TestFreezerModifyRollback(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Reopen and check that the rolled-back data doesn't reappear.
 	tables := map[string]bool{"test": true}
-	f2, err := NewFreezer(dir, "", false, 2049, tables)
+	f2, err := NewFreezer(dir, "", false, map[string]uint32{"test": 2049}, tables)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("can't reopen freezer after failed ModifyAncients: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -124,7 +127,7 @@ func TestFreezerModifyRollback(t *testing.T) {
 func TestFreezerConcurrentModifyRetrieve(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
-	f, _ := newFreezerForTesting(t, freezerTestTableDef)
+	f, _ := newFreezerForTesting(t, freezerTestTableDef, freezerTestTableSize)
 	defer f.Close()
 
 	var (
@@ -184,7 +187,7 @@ func TestFreezerConcurrentModifyRetrieve(t *testing.T) {
 
 // This test runs ModifyAncients and TruncateHead concurrently with each other.
 func TestFreezerConcurrentModifyTruncate(t *testing.T) {
-	f, _ := newFreezerForTesting(t, freezerTestTableDef)
+	f, _ := newFreezerForTesting(t, freezerTestTableDef, freezerTestTableSize)
 	defer f.Close()
 
 	var item = make([]byte, 256)
@@ -253,7 +256,7 @@ func TestFreezerReadonlyValidate(t *testing.T) {
 	dir := t.TempDir()
 	// Open non-readonly freezer and fill individual tables
 	// with different amount of data.
-	f, err := NewFreezer(dir, "", false, 2049, tables)
+	f, err := NewFreezer(dir, "", false, map[string]uint32{"a": 2049, "b": 2049}, tables)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal("can't open freezer", err)
 	}
@@ -276,7 +279,7 @@ func TestFreezerReadonlyValidate(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Re-opening as readonly should fail when validating
 	// table lengths.
-	_, err = NewFreezer(dir, "", true, 2049, tables)
+	_, err = NewFreezer(dir, "", true, map[string]uint32{"a": 2049, "b": 2049}, tables)
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("readonly freezer should fail with differing table lengths")
 	}
@@ -288,7 +291,7 @@ func TestFreezerConcurrentReadonly(t *testing.T) {
 	tables := map[string]bool{"a": true}
 	dir := t.TempDir()
 
-	f, err := NewFreezer(dir, "", false, 2049, tables)
+	f, err := NewFreezer(dir, "", false, map[string]uint32{"a": 2049}, tables)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal("can't open freezer", err)
 	}
@@ -314,7 +317,7 @@ func TestFreezerConcurrentReadonly(t *testing.T) {
 		go func(i int) {
 			defer wg.Done()
 
-			f, err := NewFreezer(dir, "", true, 2049, tables)
+			f, err := NewFreezer(dir, "", true, map[string]uint32{"a": 2049}, tables)
 			if err == nil {
 				fs[i] = f
 			} else {
@@ -333,13 +336,13 @@ func TestFreezerConcurrentReadonly(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func newFreezerForTesting(t *testing.T, tables map[string]bool) (*Freezer, string) {
+func newFreezerForTesting(t *testing.T, tables map[string]bool, sizes map[string]uint32) (*Freezer, string) {
 	t.Helper()
 
 	dir := t.TempDir()
 	// note: using low max table size here to ensure the tests actually
 	// switch between multiple files.
-	f, err := NewFreezer(dir, "", false, 2049, tables)
+	f, err := NewFreezer(dir, "", false, sizes, tables)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal("can't open freezer", err)
 	}
@@ -379,7 +382,7 @@ func checkAncientCount(t *testing.T, f *Freezer, kind string, n uint64) {
 
 func TestFreezerCloseSync(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
-	f, _ := newFreezerForTesting(t, map[string]bool{"a": true, "b": true})
+	f, _ := newFreezerForTesting(t, map[string]bool{"a": true, "b": true}, map[string]uint32{"a": 2049, "b": 2049})
 	defer f.Close()
 
 	// Now, close and sync. This mimics the behaviour if the node is shut down,
@@ -401,19 +404,27 @@ func TestFreezerCloseSync(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestFreezerSuite(t *testing.T) {
 	ancienttest.TestAncientSuite(t, func(kinds []string) ethdb.AncientStore {
-		tables := make(map[string]bool)
+		var (
+			sizes  = make(map[string]uint32)
+			tables = make(map[string]bool)
+		)
 		for _, kind := range kinds {
+			sizes[kind] = 2048
 			tables[kind] = true
 		}
-		f, _ := newFreezerForTesting(t, tables)
+		f, _ := newFreezerForTesting(t, tables, sizes)
 		return f
 	})
 	ancienttest.TestResettableAncientSuite(t, func(kinds []string) ethdb.ResettableAncientStore {
-		tables := make(map[string]bool)
+		var (
+			sizes  = make(map[string]uint32)
+			tables = make(map[string]bool)
+		)
 		for _, kind := range kinds {
+			sizes[kind] = 2048
 			tables[kind] = true
 		}
-		f, _ := newResettableFreezer(t.TempDir(), "", false, 2048, tables)
+		f, _ := newResettableFreezer(t.TempDir(), "", false, sizes, tables)
 		return f
 	})
 }