core/vm: use uint256 in EVM implementation (#20787)

* core/vm: use fixed uint256 library instead of big

* core/vm: remove intpools

* core/vm: upgrade uint256, fixes uint256.NewFromBig

* core/vm: use uint256.Int by value in Stack

* core/vm: upgrade uint256 to v1.0.0

* core/vm: don't preallocate space for 1024 stack items (only 16)

Co-authored-by: Martin Holst Swende <martin@swende.se>
release/1.9
Paweł Bylica 4 years ago committed by GitHub
parent 39abd92ca8
commit cf6674539c
No known key found for this signature in database
GPG Key ID: 4AEE18F83AFDEB23
  1. 27
      core/vm/common.go
  2. 9
      core/vm/contract.go
  3. 5
      core/vm/eips.go
  4. 2
      core/vm/evm.go
  5. 4
      core/vm/gas.go
  6. 26
      core/vm/gas_table.go
  7. 577
      core/vm/instructions.go
  8. 102
      core/vm/instructions_test.go
  9. 31
      core/vm/int_pool_verifier.go
  10. 23
      core/vm/int_pool_verifier_empty.go
  11. 17
      core/vm/interpreter.go
  12. 117
      core/vm/intpool.go
  13. 55
      core/vm/intpool_test.go
  14. 6
      core/vm/logger.go
  15. 7
      core/vm/logger_json.go
  16. 5
      core/vm/logger_test.go
  17. 7
      core/vm/memory.go
  18. 34
      core/vm/stack.go
  19. 2
      eth/tracers/tracer.go
  20. 1
      go.mod
  21. 4
      go.sum

@ -17,15 +17,14 @@
package vm package vm
import ( import (
"math/big"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common" "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/math" "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/math"
"github.com/holiman/uint256"
) )
// calcMemSize64 calculates the required memory size, and returns // calcMemSize64 calculates the required memory size, and returns
// the size and whether the result overflowed uint64 // the size and whether the result overflowed uint64
func calcMemSize64(off, l *big.Int) (uint64, bool) { func calcMemSize64(off, l *uint256.Int) (uint64, bool) {
if !l.IsUint64() { if !l.IsUint64() {
return 0, true return 0, true
} }
@ -35,16 +34,16 @@ func calcMemSize64(off, l *big.Int) (uint64, bool) {
// calcMemSize64WithUint calculates the required memory size, and returns // calcMemSize64WithUint calculates the required memory size, and returns
// the size and whether the result overflowed uint64 // the size and whether the result overflowed uint64
// Identical to calcMemSize64, but length is a uint64 // Identical to calcMemSize64, but length is a uint64
func calcMemSize64WithUint(off *big.Int, length64 uint64) (uint64, bool) { func calcMemSize64WithUint(off *uint256.Int, length64 uint64) (uint64, bool) {
// if length is zero, memsize is always zero, regardless of offset // if length is zero, memsize is always zero, regardless of offset
if length64 == 0 { if length64 == 0 {
return 0, false return 0, false
} }
// Check that offset doesn't overflow // Check that offset doesn't overflow
if !off.IsUint64() { offset64, overflow := off.Uint64WithOverflow()
if overflow {
return 0, true return 0, true
} }
offset64 := off.Uint64()
val := offset64 + length64 val := offset64 + length64
// if value < either of it's parts, then it overflowed // if value < either of it's parts, then it overflowed
return val, val < offset64 return val, val < offset64
@ -64,22 +63,6 @@ func getData(data []byte, start uint64, size uint64) []byte {
return common.RightPadBytes(data[start:end], int(size)) return common.RightPadBytes(data[start:end], int(size))
} }
// getDataBig returns a slice from the data based on the start and size and pads
// up to size with zero's. This function is overflow safe.
func getDataBig(data []byte, start *big.Int, size *big.Int) []byte {
dlen := big.NewInt(int64(len(data)))
s := math.BigMin(start, dlen)
e := math.BigMin(new(big.Int).Add(s, size), dlen)
return common.RightPadBytes(data[s.Uint64():e.Uint64()], int(size.Uint64()))
}
// bigUint64 returns the integer casted to a uint64 and returns whether it
// overflowed in the process.
func bigUint64(v *big.Int) (uint64, bool) {
return v.Uint64(), !v.IsUint64()
}
// toWordSize returns the ceiled word size required for memory expansion. // toWordSize returns the ceiled word size required for memory expansion.
func toWordSize(size uint64) uint64 { func toWordSize(size uint64) uint64 {
if size > math.MaxUint64-31 { if size > math.MaxUint64-31 {

@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import (
"math/big" "math/big"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common" "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
"github.com/holiman/uint256"
) )
// ContractRef is a reference to the contract's backing object // ContractRef is a reference to the contract's backing object
@ -81,11 +82,11 @@ func NewContract(caller ContractRef, object ContractRef, value *big.Int, gas uin
return c return c
} }
func (c *Contract) validJumpdest(dest *big.Int) bool { func (c *Contract) validJumpdest(dest *uint256.Int) bool {
udest := dest.Uint64() udest, overflow := dest.Uint64WithOverflow()
// PC cannot go beyond len(code) and certainly can't be bigger than 63 bits. // PC cannot go beyond len(code) and certainly can't be bigger than 63bits.
// Don't bother checking for JUMPDEST in that case. // Don't bother checking for JUMPDEST in that case.
if dest.BitLen() >= 63 || udest >= uint64(len(c.Code)) { if overflow || udest >= uint64(len(c.Code)) {
return false return false
} }
// Only JUMPDESTs allowed for destinations // Only JUMPDESTs allowed for destinations

@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import (
"fmt" "fmt"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params" "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
"github.com/holiman/uint256"
) )
// EnableEIP enables the given EIP on the config. // EnableEIP enables the given EIP on the config.
@ -63,7 +64,7 @@ func enable1884(jt *JumpTable) {
} }
func opSelfBalance(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, callContext *callCtx) ([]byte, error) { func opSelfBalance(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, callContext *callCtx) ([]byte, error) {
balance := interpreter.intPool.get().Set(interpreter.evm.StateDB.GetBalance(callContext.contract.Address())) balance, _ := uint256.FromBig(interpreter.evm.StateDB.GetBalance(callContext.contract.Address()))
callContext.stack.push(balance) callContext.stack.push(balance)
return nil, nil return nil, nil
} }
@ -83,7 +84,7 @@ func enable1344(jt *JumpTable) {
// opChainID implements CHAINID opcode // opChainID implements CHAINID opcode
func opChainID(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, callContext *callCtx) ([]byte, error) { func opChainID(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, callContext *callCtx) ([]byte, error) {
chainId := interpreter.intPool.get().Set(interpreter.evm.chainConfig.ChainID) chainId, _ := uint256.FromBig(interpreter.evm.chainConfig.ChainID)
callContext.stack.push(chainId) callContext.stack.push(chainId)
return nil, nil return nil, nil
} }

@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ func (evm *EVM) StaticCall(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []byte
// This doesn't matter on Mainnet, where all empties are gone at the time of Byzantium, // This doesn't matter on Mainnet, where all empties are gone at the time of Byzantium,
// but is the correct thing to do and matters on other networks, in tests, and potential // but is the correct thing to do and matters on other networks, in tests, and potential
// future scenarios // future scenarios
evm.StateDB.AddBalance(addr, bigZero) evm.StateDB.AddBalance(addr, big.NewInt(0))
// When an error was returned by the EVM or when setting the creation code // When an error was returned by the EVM or when setting the creation code
// above we revert to the snapshot and consume any gas remaining. Additionally // above we revert to the snapshot and consume any gas remaining. Additionally

@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
package vm package vm
import ( import (
"math/big" "github.com/holiman/uint256"
) )
// Gas costs // Gas costs
@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ const (
// //
// The cost of gas was changed during the homestead price change HF. // The cost of gas was changed during the homestead price change HF.
// As part of EIP 150 (TangerineWhistle), the returned gas is gas - base * 63 / 64. // As part of EIP 150 (TangerineWhistle), the returned gas is gas - base * 63 / 64.
func callGas(isEip150 bool, availableGas, base uint64, callCost *big.Int) (uint64, error) { func callGas(isEip150 bool, availableGas, base uint64, callCost *uint256.Int) (uint64, error) {
if isEip150 { if isEip150 {
availableGas = availableGas - base availableGas = availableGas - base
gas := availableGas - availableGas/64 gas := availableGas - availableGas/64

@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ func memoryCopierGas(stackpos int) gasFunc {
return 0, err return 0, err
} }
// And gas for copying data, charged per word at param.CopyGas // And gas for copying data, charged per word at param.CopyGas
words, overflow := bigUint64(stack.Back(stackpos)) words, overflow := stack.Back(stackpos).Uint64WithOverflow()
if overflow { if overflow {
return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
} }
@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ var (
func gasSStore(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) { func gasSStore(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
var ( var (
y, x = stack.Back(1), stack.Back(0) y, x = stack.Back(1), stack.Back(0)
current = evm.StateDB.GetState(contract.Address(), common.BigToHash(x)) current = evm.StateDB.GetState(contract.Address(), common.Hash(x.Bytes32()))
) )
// The legacy gas metering only takes into consideration the current state // The legacy gas metering only takes into consideration the current state
// Legacy rules should be applied if we are in Petersburg (removal of EIP-1283) // Legacy rules should be applied if we are in Petersburg (removal of EIP-1283)
@ -131,11 +131,11 @@ func gasSStore(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySi
// 2.2.2. If original value equals new value (this storage slot is reset) // 2.2.2. If original value equals new value (this storage slot is reset)
// 2.2.2.1. If original value is 0, add 19800 gas to refund counter. // 2.2.2.1. If original value is 0, add 19800 gas to refund counter.
// 2.2.2.2. Otherwise, add 4800 gas to refund counter. // 2.2.2.2. Otherwise, add 4800 gas to refund counter.
value := common.BigToHash(y) value := common.Hash(y.Bytes32())
if current == value { // noop (1) if current == value { // noop (1)
return params.NetSstoreNoopGas, nil return params.NetSstoreNoopGas, nil
} }
original := evm.StateDB.GetCommittedState(contract.Address(), common.BigToHash(x)) original := evm.StateDB.GetCommittedState(contract.Address(), common.Hash(x.Bytes32()))
if original == current { if original == current {
if original == (common.Hash{}) { // create slot (2.1.1) if original == (common.Hash{}) { // create slot (2.1.1)
return params.NetSstoreInitGas, nil return params.NetSstoreInitGas, nil
@ -183,14 +183,14 @@ func gasSStoreEIP2200(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, m
// Gas sentry honoured, do the actual gas calculation based on the stored value // Gas sentry honoured, do the actual gas calculation based on the stored value
var ( var (
y, x = stack.Back(1), stack.Back(0) y, x = stack.Back(1), stack.Back(0)
current = evm.StateDB.GetState(contract.Address(), common.BigToHash(x)) current = evm.StateDB.GetState(contract.Address(), common.Hash(x.Bytes32()))
) )
value := common.BigToHash(y) value := common.Hash(y.Bytes32())
if current == value { // noop (1) if current == value { // noop (1)
return params.SstoreNoopGasEIP2200, nil return params.SstoreNoopGasEIP2200, nil
} }
original := evm.StateDB.GetCommittedState(contract.Address(), common.BigToHash(x)) original := evm.StateDB.GetCommittedState(contract.Address(), common.Hash(x.Bytes32()))
if original == current { if original == current {
if original == (common.Hash{}) { // create slot (2.1.1) if original == (common.Hash{}) { // create slot (2.1.1)
return params.SstoreInitGasEIP2200, nil return params.SstoreInitGasEIP2200, nil
@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ func gasSStoreEIP2200(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, m
func makeGasLog(n uint64) gasFunc { func makeGasLog(n uint64) gasFunc {
return func(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) { return func(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
requestedSize, overflow := bigUint64(stack.Back(1)) requestedSize, overflow := stack.Back(1).Uint64WithOverflow()
if overflow { if overflow {
return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
} }
@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ func gasSha3(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize
if err != nil { if err != nil {
return 0, err return 0, err
} }
wordGas, overflow := bigUint64(stack.Back(1)) wordGas, overflow := stack.Back(1).Uint64WithOverflow()
if overflow { if overflow {
return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
} }
@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ func gasCreate2(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memoryS
if err != nil { if err != nil {
return 0, err return 0, err
} }
wordGas, overflow := bigUint64(stack.Back(2)) wordGas, overflow := stack.Back(2).Uint64WithOverflow()
if overflow { if overflow {
return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
} }
@ -328,8 +328,8 @@ func gasExpEIP158(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memor
func gasCall(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) { func gasCall(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
var ( var (
gas uint64 gas uint64
transfersValue = stack.Back(2).Sign() != 0 transfersValue = !stack.Back(2).IsZero()
address = common.BigToAddress(stack.Back(1)) address = common.Address(stack.Back(1).Bytes20())
) )
if evm.chainRules.IsEIP158 { if evm.chainRules.IsEIP158 {
if transfersValue && evm.StateDB.Empty(address) { if transfersValue && evm.StateDB.Empty(address) {
@ -422,7 +422,7 @@ func gasSelfdestruct(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, me
// EIP150 homestead gas reprice fork: // EIP150 homestead gas reprice fork:
if evm.chainRules.IsEIP150 { if evm.chainRules.IsEIP150 {
gas = params.SelfdestructGasEIP150 gas = params.SelfdestructGasEIP150
var address = common.BigToAddress(stack.Back(0)) var address = common.Address(stack.Back(0).Bytes20())
if evm.chainRules.IsEIP158 { if evm.chainRules.IsEIP158 {
// if empty and transfers value // if empty and transfers value

File diff suppressed because it is too large Load Diff

@ -21,12 +21,12 @@ import (
"encoding/json" "encoding/json"
"fmt" "fmt"
"io/ioutil" "io/ioutil"
"math/big"
"testing" "testing"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common" "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto" "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params" "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
"github.com/holiman/uint256"
) )
type TwoOperandTestcase struct { type TwoOperandTestcase struct {
@ -98,42 +98,23 @@ func testTwoOperandOp(t *testing.T, tests []TwoOperandTestcase, opFn executionFu
pc = uint64(0) pc = uint64(0)
evmInterpreter = env.interpreter.(*EVMInterpreter) evmInterpreter = env.interpreter.(*EVMInterpreter)
) )
// Stuff a couple of nonzero bigints into pool, to ensure that ops do not rely on pooled integers to be zero
evmInterpreter.intPool = poolOfIntPools.get()
evmInterpreter.intPool.put(big.NewInt(-1337))
evmInterpreter.intPool.put(big.NewInt(-1337))
evmInterpreter.intPool.put(big.NewInt(-1337))
for i, test := range tests { for i, test := range tests {
x := new(big.Int).SetBytes(common.Hex2Bytes(test.X)) x := new(uint256.Int).SetBytes(common.Hex2Bytes(test.X))
y := new(big.Int).SetBytes(common.Hex2Bytes(test.Y)) y := new(uint256.Int).SetBytes(common.Hex2Bytes(test.Y))
expected := new(big.Int).SetBytes(common.Hex2Bytes(test.Expected)) expected := new(uint256.Int).SetBytes(common.Hex2Bytes(test.Expected))
stack.push(x) stack.push(x)
stack.push(y) stack.push(y)
opFn(&pc, evmInterpreter, &callCtx{nil, stack, rstack, nil}) opFn(&pc, evmInterpreter, &callCtx{nil, stack, rstack, nil})
if len(stack.data) != 1 {
t.Errorf("Expected one item on stack after %v, got %d: ", name, len(stack.data))
}
actual := stack.pop() actual := stack.pop()
if actual.Cmp(expected) != 0 { if actual.Cmp(expected) != 0 {
t.Errorf("Testcase %v %d, %v(%x, %x): expected %x, got %x", name, i, name, x, y, expected, actual) t.Errorf("Testcase %v %d, %v(%x, %x): expected %x, got %x", name, i, name, x, y, expected, actual)
} }
// Check pool usage
// 1.pool is not allowed to contain anything on the stack
// 2.pool is not allowed to contain the same pointers twice
if evmInterpreter.intPool.pool.len() > 0 {
poolvals := make(map[*big.Int]struct{})
poolvals[actual] = struct{}{}
for evmInterpreter.intPool.pool.len() > 0 {
key := evmInterpreter.intPool.get()
if _, exist := poolvals[key]; exist {
t.Errorf("Testcase %v %d, pool contains double-entry", name, i)
}
poolvals[key] = struct{}{}
}
}
} }
poolOfIntPools.put(evmInterpreter.intPool)
} }
func TestByteOp(t *testing.T) { func TestByteOp(t *testing.T) {
@ -209,6 +190,44 @@ func TestSAR(t *testing.T) {
testTwoOperandOp(t, tests, opSAR, "sar") testTwoOperandOp(t, tests, opSAR, "sar")
} }
func TestAddMod(t *testing.T) {
var (
env = NewEVM(Context{}, nil, params.TestChainConfig, Config{})
stack = newstack()
evmInterpreter = NewEVMInterpreter(env, env.vmConfig)
pc = uint64(0)
)
tests := []struct {
x string
y string
z string
expected string
}{
{"ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff",
"fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe",
"ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff",
"fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe",
},
}
// x + y = 0x1fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd
// in 256 bit repr, fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd
for i, test := range tests {
x := new(uint256.Int).SetBytes(common.Hex2Bytes(test.x))
y := new(uint256.Int).SetBytes(common.Hex2Bytes(test.y))
z := new(uint256.Int).SetBytes(common.Hex2Bytes(test.z))
expected := new(uint256.Int).SetBytes(common.Hex2Bytes(test.expected))
stack.push(z)
stack.push(y)
stack.push(x)
opAddmod(&pc, evmInterpreter, &callCtx{nil, stack, nil, nil})
actual := stack.pop()
if actual.Cmp(expected) != 0 {
t.Errorf("Testcase %d, expected %x, got %x", i, expected, actual)
}
}
}
// getResult is a convenience function to generate the expected values // getResult is a convenience function to generate the expected values
func getResult(args []*twoOperandParams, opFn executionFunc) []TwoOperandTestcase { func getResult(args []*twoOperandParams, opFn executionFunc) []TwoOperandTestcase {
var ( var (
@ -217,11 +236,10 @@ func getResult(args []*twoOperandParams, opFn executionFunc) []TwoOperandTestcas
pc = uint64(0) pc = uint64(0)
interpreter = env.interpreter.(*EVMInterpreter) interpreter = env.interpreter.(*EVMInterpreter)
) )
interpreter.intPool = poolOfIntPools.get()
result := make([]TwoOperandTestcase, len(args)) result := make([]TwoOperandTestcase, len(args))
for i, param := range args { for i, param := range args {
x := new(big.Int).SetBytes(common.Hex2Bytes(param.x)) x := new(uint256.Int).SetBytes(common.Hex2Bytes(param.x))
y := new(big.Int).SetBytes(common.Hex2Bytes(param.y)) y := new(uint256.Int).SetBytes(common.Hex2Bytes(param.y))
stack.push(x) stack.push(x)
stack.push(y) stack.push(y)
opFn(&pc, interpreter, &callCtx{nil, stack, rstack, nil}) opFn(&pc, interpreter, &callCtx{nil, stack, rstack, nil})
@ -269,7 +287,6 @@ func opBenchmark(bench *testing.B, op executionFunc, args ...string) {
) )
env.interpreter = evmInterpreter env.interpreter = evmInterpreter
evmInterpreter.intPool = poolOfIntPools.get()
// convert args // convert args
byteArgs := make([][]byte, len(args)) byteArgs := make([][]byte, len(args))
for i, arg := range args { for i, arg := range args {
@ -279,13 +296,13 @@ func opBenchmark(bench *testing.B, op executionFunc, args ...string) {
bench.ResetTimer() bench.ResetTimer()
for i := 0; i < bench.N; i++ { for i := 0; i < bench.N; i++ {
for _, arg := range byteArgs { for _, arg := range byteArgs {
a := new(big.Int).SetBytes(arg) a := new(uint256.Int)
a.SetBytes(arg)
stack.push(a) stack.push(a)
} }
op(&pc, evmInterpreter, &callCtx{nil, stack, rstack, nil}) op(&pc, evmInterpreter, &callCtx{nil, stack, rstack, nil})
stack.pop() stack.pop()
} }
poolOfIntPools.put(evmInterpreter.intPool)
} }
func BenchmarkOpAdd64(b *testing.B) { func BenchmarkOpAdd64(b *testing.B) {
@ -505,21 +522,19 @@ func TestOpMstore(t *testing.T) {
) )
env.interpreter = evmInterpreter env.interpreter = evmInterpreter
evmInterpreter.intPool = poolOfIntPools.get()
mem.Resize(64) mem.Resize(64)
pc := uint64(0) pc := uint64(0)
v := "abcdef00000000000000abba000000000deaf000000c0de00100000000133700" v := "abcdef00000000000000abba000000000deaf000000c0de00100000000133700"
stack.pushN(new(big.Int).SetBytes(common.Hex2Bytes(v)), big.NewInt(0)) stack.pushN(*new(uint256.Int).SetBytes(common.Hex2Bytes(v)), *new(uint256.Int))
opMstore(&pc, evmInterpreter, &callCtx{mem, stack, rstack, nil}) opMstore(&pc, evmInterpreter, &callCtx{mem, stack, rstack, nil})
if got := common.Bytes2Hex(mem.GetCopy(0, 32)); got != v { if got := common.Bytes2Hex(mem.GetCopy(0, 32)); got != v {
t.Fatalf("Mstore fail, got %v, expected %v", got, v) t.Fatalf("Mstore fail, got %v, expected %v", got, v)
} }
stack.pushN(big.NewInt(0x1), big.NewInt(0)) stack.pushN(*new(uint256.Int).SetUint64(0x1), *new(uint256.Int))
opMstore(&pc, evmInterpreter, &callCtx{mem, stack, rstack, nil}) opMstore(&pc, evmInterpreter, &callCtx{mem, stack, rstack, nil})
if common.Bytes2Hex(mem.GetCopy(0, 32)) != "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" { if common.Bytes2Hex(mem.GetCopy(0, 32)) != "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" {
t.Fatalf("Mstore failed to overwrite previous value") t.Fatalf("Mstore failed to overwrite previous value")
} }
poolOfIntPools.put(evmInterpreter.intPool)
} }
func BenchmarkOpMstore(bench *testing.B) { func BenchmarkOpMstore(bench *testing.B) {
@ -531,18 +546,16 @@ func BenchmarkOpMstore(bench *testing.B) {
) )
env.interpreter = evmInterpreter env.interpreter = evmInterpreter
evmInterpreter.intPool = poolOfIntPools.get()
mem.Resize(64) mem.Resize(64)
pc := uint64(0) pc := uint64(0)
memStart := big.NewInt(0) memStart := new(uint256.Int)
value := big.NewInt(0x1337) value := new(uint256.Int).SetUint64(0x1337)
bench.ResetTimer() bench.ResetTimer()
for i := 0; i < bench.N; i++ { for i := 0; i < bench.N; i++ {
stack.pushN(value, memStart) stack.pushN(*value, *memStart)
opMstore(&pc, evmInterpreter, &callCtx{mem, stack, rstack, nil}) opMstore(&pc, evmInterpreter, &callCtx{mem, stack, rstack, nil})
} }
poolOfIntPools.put(evmInterpreter.intPool)
} }
func BenchmarkOpSHA3(bench *testing.B) { func BenchmarkOpSHA3(bench *testing.B) {
@ -553,17 +566,15 @@ func BenchmarkOpSHA3(bench *testing.B) {
evmInterpreter = NewEVMInterpreter(env, env.vmConfig) evmInterpreter = NewEVMInterpreter(env, env.vmConfig)
) )
env.interpreter = evmInterpreter env.interpreter = evmInterpreter
evmInterpreter.intPool = poolOfIntPools.get()
mem.Resize(32) mem.Resize(32)
pc := uint64(0) pc := uint64(0)
start := big.NewInt(0) start := uint256.NewInt()
bench.ResetTimer() bench.ResetTimer()
for i := 0; i < bench.N; i++ { for i := 0; i < bench.N; i++ {
stack.pushN(big.NewInt(32), start) stack.pushN(*uint256.NewInt().SetUint64(32), *start)
opSha3(&pc, evmInterpreter, &callCtx{mem, stack, rstack, nil}) opSha3(&pc, evmInterpreter, &callCtx{mem, stack, rstack, nil})
} }
poolOfIntPools.put(evmInterpreter.intPool)
} }
func TestCreate2Addreses(t *testing.T) { func TestCreate2Addreses(t *testing.T) {
@ -637,6 +648,5 @@ func TestCreate2Addreses(t *testing.T) {
if !bytes.Equal(expected.Bytes(), address.Bytes()) { if !bytes.Equal(expected.Bytes(), address.Bytes()) {
t.Errorf("test %d: expected %s, got %s", i, expected.String(), address.String()) t.Errorf("test %d: expected %s, got %s", i, expected.String(), address.String())
} }
} }
} }

@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
// Copyright 2017 The go-ethereum Authors
// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
//
// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
// +build VERIFY_EVM_INTEGER_POOL
package vm
import "fmt"
const verifyPool = true
func verifyIntegerPool(ip *intPool) {
for i, item := range ip.pool.data {
if item.Cmp(checkVal) != 0 {
panic(fmt.Sprintf("%d'th item failed aggressive pool check. Value was modified", i))
}
}
}

@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
// Copyright 2017 The go-ethereum Authors
// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
//
// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
// +build !VERIFY_EVM_INTEGER_POOL
package vm
const verifyPool = false
func verifyIntegerPool(ip *intPool) {}

@ -84,8 +84,6 @@ type EVMInterpreter struct {
evm *EVM evm *EVM
cfg Config cfg Config
intPool *intPool
hasher keccakState // Keccak256 hasher instance shared across opcodes hasher keccakState // Keccak256 hasher instance shared across opcodes
hasherBuf common.Hash // Keccak256 hasher result array shared aross opcodes hasherBuf common.Hash // Keccak256 hasher result array shared aross opcodes
@ -141,13 +139,6 @@ func NewEVMInterpreter(evm *EVM, cfg Config) *EVMInterpreter {
// considered a revert-and-consume-all-gas operation except for // considered a revert-and-consume-all-gas operation except for
// ErrExecutionReverted which means revert-and-keep-gas-left. // ErrExecutionReverted which means revert-and-keep-gas-left.
func (in *EVMInterpreter) Run(contract *Contract, input []byte, readOnly bool) (ret []byte, err error) { func (in *EVMInterpreter) Run(contract *Contract, input []byte, readOnly bool) (ret []byte, err error) {
if in.intPool == nil {
in.intPool = poolOfIntPools.get()
defer func() {
poolOfIntPools.put(in.intPool)
in.intPool = nil
}()
}
// Increment the call depth which is restricted to 1024 // Increment the call depth which is restricted to 1024
in.evm.depth++ in.evm.depth++
@ -193,9 +184,6 @@ func (in *EVMInterpreter) Run(contract *Contract, input []byte, readOnly bool) (
) )
contract.Input = input contract.Input = input
// Reclaim the stack as an int pool when the execution stops
defer func() { in.intPool.put(stack.data...) }()
if in.cfg.Debug { if in.cfg.Debug {
defer func() { defer func() {
if err != nil { if err != nil {
@ -290,11 +278,6 @@ func (in *EVMInterpreter) Run(contract *Contract, input []byte, readOnly bool) (
// execute the operation // execute the operation
res, err = operation.execute(&pc, in, callContext) res, err = operation.execute(&pc, in, callContext)
// verifyPool is a build flag. Pool verification makes sure the integrity
// of the integer pool by comparing values to a default value.
if verifyPool {
verifyIntegerPool(in.intPool)
}
// if the operation clears the return data (e.g. it has returning data) // if the operation clears the return data (e.g. it has returning data)
// set the last return to the result of the operation. // set the last return to the result of the operation.
if operation.returns { if operation.returns {

@ -1,117 +0,0 @@
// Copyright 2017 The go-ethereum Authors
// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
//
// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
package vm
import (
"math/big"
"sync"
)
var checkVal = big.NewInt(-42)
const poolLimit = 256
// intPool is a pool of big integers that
// can be reused for all big.Int operations.
type intPool struct {
pool *Stack
}
func newIntPool() *intPool {
return &intPool{pool: newstack()}
}
// get retrieves a big int from the pool, allocating one if the pool is empty.
// Note, the returned int's value is arbitrary and will not be zeroed!
func (p *intPool) get() *big.Int {
if p.pool.len() > 0 {
return p.pool.pop()
}
return new(big.Int)
}
// getZero retrieves a big int from the pool, setting it to zero or allocating
// a new one if the pool is empty.
func (p *intPool) getZero() *big.Int {
if p.pool.len() > 0 {
return p.pool.pop().SetUint64(0)
}
return new(big.Int)
}
// putOne returns an allocated big int to the pool to be later reused by get calls.
// Note, the values as saved as is; neither put nor get zeroes the ints out!
// As opposed to 'put' with variadic args, this method becomes inlined by the
// go compiler
func (p *intPool) putOne(i *big.Int) {
if len(p.pool.data) > poolLimit {
return
}
p.pool.push(i)
}
// put returns an allocated big int to the pool to be later reused by get calls.
// Note, the values as saved as is; neither put nor get zeroes the ints out!
func (p *intPool) put(is ...*big.Int) {
if len(p.pool.data) > poolLimit {
return
}
for _, i := range is {
// verifyPool is a build flag. Pool verification makes sure the integrity
// of the integer pool by comparing values to a default value.
if verifyPool {
i.Set(checkVal)
}
p.pool.push(i)
}
}
// The intPool pool's default capacity
const poolDefaultCap = 25
// intPoolPool manages a pool of intPools.
type intPoolPool struct {
pools []*intPool
lock sync.Mutex
}
var poolOfIntPools = &intPoolPool{
pools: make([]*intPool, 0, poolDefaultCap),
}
// get is looking for an available pool to return.
func (ipp *intPoolPool) get() *intPool {
ipp.lock.Lock()
defer ipp.lock.Unlock()
if len(poolOfIntPools.pools) > 0 {
ip := ipp.pools[len(ipp.pools)-1]
ipp.pools = ipp.pools[:len(ipp.pools)-1]
return ip
}
return newIntPool()
}
// put a pool that has been allocated with get.
func (ipp *intPoolPool) put(ip *intPool) {
ipp.lock.Lock()
defer ipp.lock.Unlock()
if len(ipp.pools) < cap(ipp.pools) {
ipp.pools = append(ipp.pools, ip)
}
}

@ -1,55 +0,0 @@
// Copyright 2018 The go-ethereum Authors
// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
//
// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
package vm
import (
"testing"
)
func TestIntPoolPoolGet(t *testing.T) {
poolOfIntPools.pools = make([]*intPool, 0, poolDefaultCap)
nip := poolOfIntPools.get()
if nip == nil {
t.Fatalf("Invalid pool allocation")
}
}
func TestIntPoolPoolPut(t *testing.T) {
poolOfIntPools.pools = make([]*intPool, 0, poolDefaultCap)
nip := poolOfIntPools.get()
if len(poolOfIntPools.pools) != 0 {
t.Fatalf("Pool got added to list when none should have been")
}
poolOfIntPools.put(nip)
if len(poolOfIntPools.pools) == 0 {
t.Fatalf("Pool did not get added to list when one should have been")
}
}
func TestIntPoolPoolReUse(t *testing.T) {
poolOfIntPools.pools = make([]*intPool, 0, poolDefaultCap)
nip := poolOfIntPools.get()
poolOfIntPools.put(nip)
poolOfIntPools.get()
if len(poolOfIntPools.pools) != 0 {
t.Fatalf("Invalid number of pools. Got %d, expected %d", len(poolOfIntPools.pools), 0)
}
}

@ -159,8 +159,8 @@ func (l *StructLogger) CaptureState(env *EVM, pc uint64, op OpCode, gas, cost ui
// it in the local storage container. // it in the local storage container.
if op == SSTORE && stack.len() >= 2 { if op == SSTORE && stack.len() >= 2 {
var ( var (
value = common.BigToHash(stack.data[stack.len()-2]) value = common.Hash(stack.data[stack.len()-2].Bytes32())
address = common.BigToHash(stack.data[stack.len()-1]) address = common.Hash(stack.data[stack.len()-1].Bytes32())
) )
l.changedValues[contract.Address()][address] = value l.changedValues[contract.Address()][address] = value
} }
@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ func (l *StructLogger) CaptureState(env *EVM, pc uint64, op OpCode, gas, cost ui
if !l.cfg.DisableStack { if !l.cfg.DisableStack {
stck = make([]*big.Int, len(stack.Data())) stck = make([]*big.Int, len(stack.Data()))
for i, item := range stack.Data() { for i, item := range stack.Data() {
stck[i] = new(big.Int).Set(item) stck[i] = new(big.Int).Set(item.ToBig())
} }
} }
// Copy a snapshot of the current storage to a new container // Copy a snapshot of the current storage to a new container

@ -62,7 +62,12 @@ func (l *JSONLogger) CaptureState(env *EVM, pc uint64, op OpCode, gas, cost uint
log.Memory = memory.Data() log.Memory = memory.Data()
} }
if !l.cfg.DisableStack { if !l.cfg.DisableStack {
log.Stack = stack.Data() //TODO(@holiman) improve this
logstack := make([]*big.Int, len(stack.Data()))
for i, item := range stack.Data() {
logstack[i] = item.ToBig()
}
log.Stack = logstack
log.ReturnStack = rStack.data log.ReturnStack = rStack.data
} }
return l.encoder.Encode(log) return l.encoder.Encode(log)

@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ import (
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common" "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state" "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params" "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
"github.com/holiman/uint256"
) )
type dummyContractRef struct { type dummyContractRef struct {
@ -57,8 +58,8 @@ func TestStoreCapture(t *testing.T) {
rstack = newReturnStack() rstack = newReturnStack()
contract = NewContract(&dummyContractRef{}, &dummyContractRef{}, new(big.Int), 0) contract = NewContract(&dummyContractRef{}, &dummyContractRef{}, new(big.Int), 0)
) )
stack.push(big.NewInt(1)) stack.push(uint256.NewInt().SetUint64(1))
stack.push(big.NewInt(0)) stack.push(uint256.NewInt())
var index common.Hash var index common.Hash
logger.CaptureState(env, 0, SSTORE, 0, 0, mem, stack, rstack, contract, 0, nil) logger.CaptureState(env, 0, SSTORE, 0, 0, mem, stack, rstack, contract, 0, nil)
if len(logger.changedValues[contract.Address()]) == 0 { if len(logger.changedValues[contract.Address()]) == 0 {

@ -18,9 +18,8 @@ package vm
import ( import (
"fmt" "fmt"
"math/big"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/math" "github.com/holiman/uint256"
) )
// Memory implements a simple memory model for the ethereum virtual machine. // Memory implements a simple memory model for the ethereum virtual machine.
@ -50,7 +49,7 @@ func (m *Memory) Set(offset, size uint64, value []byte) {
// Set32 sets the 32 bytes starting at offset to the value of val, left-padded with zeroes to // Set32 sets the 32 bytes starting at offset to the value of val, left-padded with zeroes to
// 32 bytes. // 32 bytes.
func (m *Memory) Set32(offset uint64, val *big.Int) { func (m *Memory) Set32(offset uint64, val *uint256.Int) {
// length of store may never be less than offset + size. // length of store may never be less than offset + size.
// The store should be resized PRIOR to setting the memory // The store should be resized PRIOR to setting the memory
if offset+32 > uint64(len(m.store)) { if offset+32 > uint64(len(m.store)) {
@ -59,7 +58,7 @@ func (m *Memory) Set32(offset uint64, val *big.Int) {
// Zero the memory area // Zero the memory area
copy(m.store[offset:offset+32], []byte{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}) copy(m.store[offset:offset+32], []byte{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0})
// Fill in relevant bits // Fill in relevant bits
math.ReadBits(val, m.store[offset:offset+32]) val.WriteToSlice(m.store[offset:])
} }
// Resize resizes the memory to size // Resize resizes the memory to size

@ -18,36 +18,36 @@ package vm
import ( import (
"fmt" "fmt"
"math/big"
"github.com/holiman/uint256"
) )
// Stack is an object for basic stack operations. Items popped to the stack are // Stack is an object for basic stack operations. Items popped to the stack are
// expected to be changed and modified. stack does not take care of adding newly // expected to be changed and modified. stack does not take care of adding newly
// initialised objects. // initialised objects.
type Stack struct { type Stack struct {
data []*big.Int data []uint256.Int
} }
func newstack() *Stack { func newstack() *Stack {
return &Stack{data: make([]*big.Int, 0, 1024)} return &Stack{data: make([]uint256.Int, 0, 16)}
} }
// Data returns the underlying big.Int array. // Data returns the underlying uint256.Int array.
func (st *Stack) Data() []*big.Int { func (st *Stack) Data() []uint256.Int {
return st.data return st.data
} }
func (st *Stack) push(d *big.Int) { func (st *Stack) push(d *uint256.Int) {
// NOTE push limit (1024) is checked in baseCheck // NOTE push limit (1024) is checked in baseCheck
//stackItem := new(big.Int).Set(d) st.data = append(st.data, *d)
//st.data = append(st.data, stackItem)
st.data = append(st.data, d)
} }
func (st *Stack) pushN(ds ...*big.Int) { func (st *Stack) pushN(ds ...uint256.Int) {
// FIXME: Is there a way to pass args by pointers.
st.data = append(st.data, ds...) st.data = append(st.data, ds...)
} }
func (st *Stack) pop() (ret *big.Int) { func (st *Stack) pop() (ret uint256.Int) {
ret = st.data[len(st.data)-1] ret = st.data[len(st.data)-1]
st.data = st.data[:len(st.data)-1] st.data = st.data[:len(st.data)-1]
return return
@ -61,17 +61,17 @@ func (st *Stack) swap(n int) {
st.data[st.len()-n], st.data[st.len()-1] = st.data[st.len()-1], st.data[st.len()-n] st.data[st.len()-n], st.data[st.len()-1] = st.data[st.len()-1], st.data[st.len()-n]
} }
func (st *Stack) dup(pool *intPool, n int) { func (st *Stack) dup(n int) {
st.push(pool.get().Set(st.data[st.len()-n])) st.push(&st.data[st.len()-n])
} }
func (st *Stack) peek() *big.Int { func (st *Stack) peek() *uint256.Int {
return st.data[st.len()-1] return &st.data[st.len()-1]
} }
// Back returns the n'th item in stack // Back returns the n'th item in stack
func (st *Stack) Back(n int) *big.Int { func (st *Stack) Back(n int) *uint256.Int {
return st.data[st.len()-n-1] return &st.data[st.len()-n-1]
} }
// Print dumps the content of the stack // Print dumps the content of the stack

@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ func (sw *stackWrapper) peek(idx int) *big.Int {
log.Warn("Tracer accessed out of bound stack", "size", len(sw.stack.Data()), "index", idx) log.Warn("Tracer accessed out of bound stack", "size", len(sw.stack.Data()), "index", idx)
return new(big.Int) return new(big.Int)
} }
return sw.stack.Data()[len(sw.stack.Data())-idx-1] return sw.stack.Back(idx).ToBig()
} }
// pushObject assembles a JSVM object wrapping a swappable stack and pushes it // pushObject assembles a JSVM object wrapping a swappable stack and pushes it

@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ require (
github.com/gorilla/websocket v1.4.1-0.20190629185528-ae1634f6a989 github.com/gorilla/websocket v1.4.1-0.20190629185528-ae1634f6a989
github.com/graph-gophers/graphql-go v0.0.0-20191115155744-f33e81362277 github.com/graph-gophers/graphql-go v0.0.0-20191115155744-f33e81362277
github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru v0.5.4 github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru v0.5.4
github.com/holiman/uint256 v1.0.0
github.com/huin/goupnp v1.0.0 github.com/huin/goupnp v1.0.0
github.com/influxdata/influxdb v1.2.3-0.20180221223340-01288bdb0883 github.com/influxdata/influxdb v1.2.3-0.20180221223340-01288bdb0883
github.com/jackpal/go-nat-pmp v1.0.2-0.20160603034137-1fa385a6f458 github.com/jackpal/go-nat-pmp v1.0.2-0.20160603034137-1fa385a6f458

@ -93,6 +93,10 @@ github.com/graph-gophers/graphql-go v0.0.0-20191115155744-f33e81362277 h1:E0whKx
github.com/graph-gophers/graphql-go v0.0.0-20191115155744-f33e81362277/go.mod h1:9CQHMSxwO4MprSdzoIEobiHpoLtHm77vfxsvsIN5Vuc= github.com/graph-gophers/graphql-go v0.0.0-20191115155744-f33e81362277/go.mod h1:9CQHMSxwO4MprSdzoIEobiHpoLtHm77vfxsvsIN5Vuc=
github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru v0.5.4 h1:YDjusn29QI/Das2iO9M0BHnIbxPeyuCHsjMW+lJfyTc= github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru v0.5.4 h1:YDjusn29QI/Das2iO9M0BHnIbxPeyuCHsjMW+lJfyTc=
github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru v0.5.4/go.mod h1:iADmTwqILo4mZ8BN3D2Q6+9jd8WM5uGBxy+E8yxSoD4= github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru v0.5.4/go.mod h1:iADmTwqILo4mZ8BN3D2Q6+9jd8WM5uGBxy+E8yxSoD4=
github.com/holiman/uint256 v0.0.0-20200319132535-a4d16d7dba8d h1:GHyibjawOjlV6CVRfc7nAD2fFiwadHU2p87viNQtG/c=
github.com/holiman/uint256 v0.0.0-20200319132535-a4d16d7dba8d/go.mod h1:y4ga/t+u+Xwd7CpDgZESaRcWy0I7XMlTMA25ApIH5Jw=
github.com/holiman/uint256 v1.0.0 h1:GV654hUWgO9gVQwgjMyup5bkUCWI9t87+LSjB9fAo5c=
github.com/holiman/uint256 v1.0.0/go.mod h1:y4ga/t+u+Xwd7CpDgZESaRcWy0I7XMlTMA25ApIH5Jw=
github.com/hpcloud/tail v1.0.0 h1:nfCOvKYfkgYP8hkirhJocXT2+zOD8yUNjXaWfTlyFKI= github.com/hpcloud/tail v1.0.0 h1:nfCOvKYfkgYP8hkirhJocXT2+zOD8yUNjXaWfTlyFKI=
github.com/hpcloud/tail v1.0.0/go.mod h1:ab1qPbhIpdTxEkNHXyeSf5vhxWSCs/tWer42PpOxQnU= github.com/hpcloud/tail v1.0.0/go.mod h1:ab1qPbhIpdTxEkNHXyeSf5vhxWSCs/tWer42PpOxQnU=
github.com/huin/goupnp v1.0.0 h1:wg75sLpL6DZqwHQN6E1Cfk6mtfzS45z8OV+ic+DtHRo= github.com/huin/goupnp v1.0.0 h1:wg75sLpL6DZqwHQN6E1Cfk6mtfzS45z8OV+ic+DtHRo=

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