common/hexutil: new package for 0x hex encoding

The new package is purpose-built to handle the encoding consumed and
produced by the RPC API.

common/hexutil/hexutil.go

@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+// Copyright 2016 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+/*
+Package hexutil implements hex encoding with 0x prefix.
+This encoding is used by the Ethereum RPC API to transport binary data in JSON payloads.
+
+Encoding Rules
+
+All hex data must have prefix "0x".
+
+For byte slices, the hex data must be of even length. An empty byte slice
+encodes as "0x".
+
+Integers are encoded using the least amount of digits (no leading zero digits). Their
+encoding may be of uneven length. The number zero encodes as "0x0".
+*/
+package hexutil
+
+import (
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"math/big"
+	"strconv"
+)
+
+const uintBits = 32 << (uint64(^uint(0)) >> 63)
+
+var (
+	ErrEmptyString   = errors.New("empty hex string")
+	ErrMissingPrefix = errors.New("missing 0x prefix for hex data")
+	ErrSyntax        = errors.New("invalid hex")
+	ErrEmptyNumber   = errors.New("hex number has no digits after 0x")
+	ErrLeadingZero   = errors.New("hex number has leading zero digits after 0x")
+	ErrOddLength     = errors.New("hex string has odd length")
+	ErrUint64Range   = errors.New("hex number does not fit into 64 bits")
+	ErrUintRange     = fmt.Errorf("hex number does not fit into %d bits", uintBits)
+)
+
+// Decode decodes a hex string with 0x prefix.
+func Decode(input string) ([]byte, error) {
+	if len(input) == 0 {
+		return nil, ErrEmptyString
+	}
+	if !has0xPrefix(input) {
+		return nil, ErrMissingPrefix
+	}
+	return hex.DecodeString(input[2:])
+}
+
+// MustDecode decodes a hex string with 0x prefix. It panics for invalid input.
+func MustDecode(input string) []byte {
+	dec, err := Decode(input)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return dec
+}
+
+// Encode encodes b as a hex string with 0x prefix.
+func Encode(b []byte) string {
+	enc := make([]byte, len(b)*2+2)
+	copy(enc, "0x")
+	hex.Encode(enc[2:], b)
+	return string(enc)
+}
+
+// DecodeUint64 decodes a hex string with 0x prefix as a quantity.
+func DecodeUint64(input string) (uint64, error) {
+	raw, err := checkNumber(input)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	dec, err := strconv.ParseUint(raw, 16, 64)
+	if err != nil {
+		err = mapError(err)
+	}
+	return dec, err
+}
+
+// MustDecodeUint64 decodes a hex string with 0x prefix as a quantity.
+// It panics for invalid input.
+func MustDecodeUint64(input string) uint64 {
+	dec, err := DecodeUint64(input)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return dec
+}
+
+// EncodeUint64 encodes i as a hex string with 0x prefix.
+func EncodeUint64(i uint64) string {
+	enc := make([]byte, 2, 10)
+	copy(enc, "0x")
+	return string(strconv.AppendUint(enc, i, 16))
+}
+
+var bigWordNibbles int
+
+func init() {
+	// This is a weird way to compute the number of nibbles required for big.Word.
+	// The usual way would be to use constant arithmetic but go vet can't handle that.
+	b, _ := new(big.Int).SetString("FFFFFFFFFF", 16)
+	switch len(b.Bits()) {
+	case 1:
+		bigWordNibbles = 16
+	case 2:
+		bigWordNibbles = 8
+	default:
+		panic("weird big.Word size")
+	}
+}
+
+// DecodeBig decodes a hex string with 0x prefix as a quantity.
+func DecodeBig(input string) (*big.Int, error) {
+	raw, err := checkNumber(input)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	words := make([]big.Word, len(raw)/bigWordNibbles+1)
+	end := len(raw)
+	for i := range words {
+		start := end - bigWordNibbles
+		if start < 0 {
+			start = 0
+		}
+		for ri := start; ri < end; ri++ {
+			nib := decodeNibble(raw[ri])
+			if nib == badNibble {
+				return nil, ErrSyntax
+			}
+			words[i] *= 16
+			words[i] += big.Word(nib)
+		}
+		end = start
+	}
+	dec := new(big.Int).SetBits(words)
+	return dec, nil
+}
+
+// MustDecodeBig decodes a hex string with 0x prefix as a quantity.
+// It panics for invalid input.
+func MustDecodeBig(input string) *big.Int {
+	dec, err := DecodeBig(input)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return dec
+}
+
+// EncodeBig encodes bigint as a hex string with 0x prefix.
+// The sign of the integer is ignored.
+func EncodeBig(bigint *big.Int) string {
+	nbits := bigint.BitLen()
+	if nbits == 0 {
+		return "0x0"
+	}
+	enc := make([]byte, 2, (nbits/8)*2+2)
+	copy(enc, "0x")
+	for i := len(bigint.Bits()) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+		enc = strconv.AppendUint(enc, uint64(bigint.Bits()[i]), 16)
+	}
+	return string(enc)
+}
+
+func has0xPrefix(input string) bool {
+	return len(input) >= 2 && input[0] == '0' && (input[1] == 'x' || input[1] == 'X')
+}
+
+func checkNumber(input string) (raw string, err error) {
+	if len(input) == 0 {
+		return "", ErrEmptyString
+	}
+	if !has0xPrefix(input) {
+		return "", ErrMissingPrefix
+	}
+	input = input[2:]
+	if len(input) == 0 {
+		return "", ErrEmptyNumber
+	}
+	if len(input) > 1 && input[0] == '0' {
+		return "", ErrLeadingZero
+	}
+	return input, nil
+}
+
+const badNibble = ^uint64(0)
+
+func decodeNibble(in byte) uint64 {
+	switch {
+	case in >= '0' && in <= '9':
+		return uint64(in - '0')
+	case in >= 'A' && in <= 'F':
+		return uint64(in - 'A' + 10)
+	case in >= 'a' && in <= 'f':
+		return uint64(in - 'a' + 10)
+	default:
+		return badNibble
+	}
+}
+
+func mapError(err error) error {
+	if err, ok := err.(*strconv.NumError); ok {
+		switch err.Err {
+		case strconv.ErrRange:
+			return ErrUint64Range
+		case strconv.ErrSyntax:
+			return ErrSyntax
+		}
+	}
+	if _, ok := err.(hex.InvalidByteError); ok {
+		return ErrSyntax
+	}
+	if err == hex.ErrLength {
+		return ErrOddLength
+	}
+	return err
+}

common/hexutil/hexutil_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+// Copyright 2016 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package hexutil
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"math/big"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+type marshalTest struct {
+	input interface{}
+	want  string
+}
+
+type unmarshalTest struct {
+	input   string
+	want    interface{}
+	wantErr error
+}
+
+var (
+	encodeBytesTests = []marshalTest{
+		{[]byte{}, "0x"},
+		{[]byte{0}, "0x00"},
+		{[]byte{0, 0, 1, 2}, "0x00000102"},
+	}
+
+	encodeBigTests = []marshalTest{
+		{referenceBig("0"), "0x0"},
+		{referenceBig("1"), "0x1"},
+		{referenceBig("ff"), "0xff"},
+		{referenceBig("112233445566778899aabbccddeeff"), "0x112233445566778899aabbccddeeff"},
+	}
+
+	encodeUint64Tests = []marshalTest{
+		{uint64(0), "0x0"},
+		{uint64(1), "0x1"},
+		{uint64(0xff), "0xff"},
+		{uint64(0x1122334455667788), "0x1122334455667788"},
+	}
+
+	decodeBytesTests = []unmarshalTest{
+		// invalid
+		{input: ``, wantErr: ErrEmptyString},
+		{input: `0`, wantErr: ErrMissingPrefix},
+		{input: `0x0`, wantErr: hex.ErrLength},
+		{input: `0x023`, wantErr: hex.ErrLength},
+		{input: `0xxx`, wantErr: hex.InvalidByteError('x')},
+		{input: `0x01zz01`, wantErr: hex.InvalidByteError('z')},
+		// valid
+		{input: `0x`, want: []byte{}},
+		{input: `0X`, want: []byte{}},
+		{input: `0x02`, want: []byte{0x02}},
+		{input: `0X02`, want: []byte{0x02}},
+		{input: `0xffffffffff`, want: []byte{0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff}},
+		{
+			input: `0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff`,
+			want:  []byte{0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff},
+		},
+	}
+
+	decodeBigTests = []unmarshalTest{
+		// invalid
+		{input: `0`, wantErr: ErrMissingPrefix},
+		{input: `0x`, wantErr: ErrEmptyNumber},
+		{input: `0x01`, wantErr: ErrLeadingZero},
+		{input: `0xx`, wantErr: ErrSyntax},
+		{input: `0x1zz01`, wantErr: ErrSyntax},
+		// valid
+		{input: `0x0`, want: big.NewInt(0)},
+		{input: `0x2`, want: big.NewInt(0x2)},
+		{input: `0x2F2`, want: big.NewInt(0x2f2)},
+		{input: `0X2F2`, want: big.NewInt(0x2f2)},
+		{input: `0x1122aaff`, want: big.NewInt(0x1122aaff)},
+		{input: `0xbBb`, want: big.NewInt(0xbbb)},
+		{input: `0xfffffffff`, want: big.NewInt(0xfffffffff)},
+		{
+			input: `0x112233445566778899aabbccddeeff`,
+			want:  referenceBig("112233445566778899aabbccddeeff"),
+		},
+		{
+			input: `0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff`,
+			want:  referenceBig("ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff"),
+		},
+	}
+
+	decodeUint64Tests = []unmarshalTest{
+		// invalid
+		{input: `0`, wantErr: ErrMissingPrefix},
+		{input: `0x`, wantErr: ErrEmptyNumber},
+		{input: `0x01`, wantErr: ErrLeadingZero},
+		{input: `0xfffffffffffffffff`, wantErr: ErrUintRange},
+		{input: `0xx`, wantErr: ErrSyntax},
+		{input: `0x1zz01`, wantErr: ErrSyntax},
+		// valid
+		{input: `0x0`, want: uint64(0)},
+		{input: `0x2`, want: uint64(0x2)},
+		{input: `0x2F2`, want: uint64(0x2f2)},
+		{input: `0X2F2`, want: uint64(0x2f2)},
+		{input: `0x1122aaff`, want: uint64(0x1122aaff)},
+		{input: `0xbbb`, want: uint64(0xbbb)},
+		{input: `0xffffffffffffffff`, want: uint64(0xffffffffffffffff)},
+	}
+)
+
+func TestEncode(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, test := range encodeBytesTests {
+		enc := Encode(test.input.([]byte))
+		if enc != test.want {
+			t.Errorf("input %x: wrong encoding %s", test.input, enc)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDecode(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, test := range decodeBytesTests {
+		dec, err := Decode(test.input)
+		if !checkError(t, test.input, err, test.wantErr) {
+			continue
+		}
+		if !bytes.Equal(test.want.([]byte), dec) {
+			t.Errorf("input %s: value mismatch: got %x, want %x", test.input, dec, test.want)
+			continue
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestEncodeBig(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, test := range encodeBigTests {
+		enc := EncodeBig(test.input.(*big.Int))
+		if enc != test.want {
+			t.Errorf("input %x: wrong encoding %s", test.input, enc)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDecodeBig(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, test := range decodeBigTests {
+		dec, err := DecodeBig(test.input)
+		if !checkError(t, test.input, err, test.wantErr) {
+			continue
+		}
+		if dec.Cmp(test.want.(*big.Int)) != 0 {
+			t.Errorf("input %s: value mismatch: got %x, want %x", test.input, dec, test.want)
+			continue
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestEncodeUint64(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, test := range encodeUint64Tests {
+		enc := EncodeUint64(test.input.(uint64))
+		if enc != test.want {
+			t.Errorf("input %x: wrong encoding %s", test.input, enc)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDecodeUint64(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, test := range decodeUint64Tests {
+		dec, err := DecodeUint64(test.input)
+		if !checkError(t, test.input, err, test.wantErr) {
+			continue
+		}
+		if dec != test.want.(uint64) {
+			t.Errorf("input %s: value mismatch: got %x, want %x", test.input, dec, test.want)
+			continue
+		}
+	}
+}

common/hexutil/json.go

@@ -0,0 +1,271 @@
+// Copyright 2016 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package hexutil
+
+import (
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"math/big"
+	"strconv"
+)
+
+var (
+	jsonNull          = []byte("null")
+	jsonZero          = []byte(`"0x0"`)
+	errNonString      = errors.New("cannot unmarshal non-string as hex data")
+	errNegativeBigInt = errors.New("hexutil.Big: can't marshal negative integer")
+)
+
+// Bytes marshals/unmarshals as a JSON string with 0x prefix.
+// The empty slice marshals as "0x".
+type Bytes []byte
+
+// MarshalJSON implements json.Marshaler.
+func (b Bytes) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	result := make([]byte, len(b)*2+4)
+	copy(result, `"0x`)
+	hex.Encode(result[3:], b)
+	result[len(result)-1] = '"'
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+// UnmarshalJSON implements json.Unmarshaler.
+func (b *Bytes) UnmarshalJSON(input []byte) error {
+	raw, err := checkJSON(input)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	dec := make([]byte, len(raw)/2)
+	if _, err = hex.Decode(dec, raw); err != nil {
+		err = mapError(err)
+	} else {
+		*b = dec
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+// String returns the hex encoding of b.
+func (b Bytes) String() string {
+	return Encode(b)
+}
+
+// UnmarshalJSON decodes input as a JSON string with 0x prefix. The length of out
+// determines the required input length. This function is commonly used to implement the
+// UnmarshalJSON method for fixed-size types:
+//
+//     type Foo [8]byte
+//
+//     func (f *Foo) UnmarshalJSON(input []byte) error {
+//         return hexutil.UnmarshalJSON("Foo", input, f[:])
+//     }
+func UnmarshalJSON(typname string, input, out []byte) error {
+	raw, err := checkJSON(input)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if len(raw)/2 != len(out) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("hex string has length %d, want %d for %s", len(raw), len(out)*2, typname)
+	}
+	// Pre-verify syntax before modifying out.
+	for _, b := range raw {
+		if decodeNibble(b) == badNibble {
+			return ErrSyntax
+		}
+	}
+	hex.Decode(out, raw)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Big marshals/unmarshals as a JSON string with 0x prefix. The zero value marshals as
+// "0x0". Negative integers are not supported at this time. Attempting to marshal them
+// will return an error.
+type Big big.Int
+
+// MarshalJSON implements json.Marshaler.
+func (b *Big) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	if b == nil {
+		return jsonNull, nil
+	}
+	bigint := (*big.Int)(b)
+	if bigint.Sign() == -1 {
+		return nil, errNegativeBigInt
+	}
+	nbits := bigint.BitLen()
+	if nbits == 0 {
+		return jsonZero, nil
+	}
+	enc := make([]byte, 3, (nbits/8)*2+4)
+	copy(enc, `"0x`)
+	for i := len(bigint.Bits()) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+		enc = strconv.AppendUint(enc, uint64(bigint.Bits()[i]), 16)
+	}
+	enc = append(enc, '"')
+	return enc, nil
+}
+
+// UnmarshalJSON implements json.Unmarshaler.
+func (b *Big) UnmarshalJSON(input []byte) error {
+	raw, err := checkNumberJSON(input)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	words := make([]big.Word, len(raw)/bigWordNibbles+1)
+	end := len(raw)
+	for i := range words {
+		start := end - bigWordNibbles
+		if start < 0 {
+			start = 0
+		}
+		for ri := start; ri < end; ri++ {
+			nib := decodeNibble(raw[ri])
+			if nib == badNibble {
+				return ErrSyntax
+			}
+			words[i] *= 16
+			words[i] += big.Word(nib)
+		}
+		end = start
+	}
+	var dec big.Int
+	dec.SetBits(words)
+	*b = (Big)(dec)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ToInt converts b to a big.Int.
+func (b *Big) ToInt() *big.Int {
+	return (*big.Int)(b)
+}
+
+// String returns the hex encoding of b.
+func (b *Big) String() string {
+	return EncodeBig(b.ToInt())
+}
+
+// Uint64 marshals/unmarshals as a JSON string with 0x prefix.
+// The zero value marshals as "0x0".
+type Uint64 uint64
+
+// MarshalJSON implements json.Marshaler.
+func (b Uint64) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	buf := make([]byte, 3, 12)
+	copy(buf, `"0x`)
+	buf = strconv.AppendUint(buf, uint64(b), 16)
+	buf = append(buf, '"')
+	return buf, nil
+}
+
+// UnmarshalJSON implements json.Unmarshaler.
+func (b *Uint64) UnmarshalJSON(input []byte) error {
+	raw, err := checkNumberJSON(input)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if len(raw) > 16 {
+		return ErrUint64Range
+	}
+	var dec uint64
+	for _, byte := range raw {
+		nib := decodeNibble(byte)
+		if nib == badNibble {
+			return ErrSyntax
+		}
+		dec *= 16
+		dec += uint64(nib)
+	}
+	*b = Uint64(dec)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// String returns the hex encoding of b.
+func (b Uint64) String() string {
+	return EncodeUint64(uint64(b))
+}
+
+// Uint marshals/unmarshals as a JSON string with 0x prefix.
+// The zero value marshals as "0x0".
+type Uint uint
+
+// MarshalJSON implements json.Marshaler.
+func (b Uint) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	return Uint64(b).MarshalJSON()
+}
+
+// UnmarshalJSON implements json.Unmarshaler.
+func (b *Uint) UnmarshalJSON(input []byte) error {
+	var u64 Uint64
+	err := u64.UnmarshalJSON(input)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	} else if u64 > Uint64(^uint(0)) {
+		return ErrUintRange
+	}
+	*b = Uint(u64)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// String returns the hex encoding of b.
+func (b Uint) String() string {
+	return EncodeUint64(uint64(b))
+}
+
+func isString(input []byte) bool {
+	return len(input) >= 2 && input[0] == '"' && input[len(input)-1] == '"'
+}
+
+func bytesHave0xPrefix(input []byte) bool {
+	return len(input) >= 2 && input[0] == '0' && (input[1] == 'x' || input[1] == 'X')
+}
+
+func checkJSON(input []byte) (raw []byte, err error) {
+	if !isString(input) {
+		return nil, errNonString
+	}
+	if len(input) == 2 {
+		return nil, ErrEmptyString
+	}
+	if !bytesHave0xPrefix(input[1:]) {
+		return nil, ErrMissingPrefix
+	}
+	input = input[3 : len(input)-1]
+	if len(input)%2 != 0 {
+		return nil, ErrOddLength
+	}
+	return input, nil
+}
+
+func checkNumberJSON(input []byte) (raw []byte, err error) {
+	if !isString(input) {
+		return nil, errNonString
+	}
+	input = input[1 : len(input)-1]
+	if len(input) == 0 {
+		return nil, ErrEmptyString
+	}
+	if !bytesHave0xPrefix(input) {
+		return nil, ErrMissingPrefix
+	}
+	input = input[2:]
+	if len(input) == 0 {
+		return nil, ErrEmptyNumber
+	}
+	if len(input) > 1 && input[0] == '0' {
+		return nil, ErrLeadingZero
+	}
+	return input, nil
+}

common/hexutil/json_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,258 @@
+// Copyright 2016 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package hexutil
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"math/big"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func checkError(t *testing.T, input string, got, want error) bool {
+	if got == nil {
+		if want != nil {
+			t.Errorf("input %s: got no error, want %q", input, want)
+			return false
+		}
+		return true
+	}
+	if want == nil {
+		t.Errorf("input %s: unexpected error %q", input, got)
+	} else if got.Error() != want.Error() {
+		t.Errorf("input %s: got error %q, want %q", input, got, want)
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func referenceBig(s string) *big.Int {
+	b, ok := new(big.Int).SetString(s, 16)
+	if !ok {
+		panic("invalid")
+	}
+	return b
+}
+
+func referenceBytes(s string) []byte {
+	b, err := hex.DecodeString(s)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return b
+}
+
+var unmarshalBytesTests = []unmarshalTest{
+	// invalid encoding
+	{input: "", wantErr: errNonString},
+	{input: "null", wantErr: errNonString},
+	{input: "10", wantErr: errNonString},
+	{input: `""`, wantErr: ErrEmptyString},
+	{input: `"0"`, wantErr: ErrMissingPrefix},
+	{input: `"0x0"`, wantErr: ErrOddLength},
+	{input: `"0xxx"`, wantErr: ErrSyntax},
+	{input: `"0x01zz01"`, wantErr: ErrSyntax},
+
+	// valid encoding
+	{input: `"0x"`, want: referenceBytes("")},
+	{input: `"0x02"`, want: referenceBytes("02")},
+	{input: `"0X02"`, want: referenceBytes("02")},
+	{input: `"0xffffffffff"`, want: referenceBytes("ffffffffff")},
+	{
+		input: `"0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff"`,
+		want:  referenceBytes("ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff"),
+	},
+}
+
+func TestUnmarshalBytes(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, test := range unmarshalBytesTests {
+		var v Bytes
+		err := v.UnmarshalJSON([]byte(test.input))
+		if !checkError(t, test.input, err, test.wantErr) {
+			continue
+		}
+		if !bytes.Equal(test.want.([]byte), []byte(v)) {
+			t.Errorf("input %s: value mismatch: got %x, want %x", test.input, &v, test.want)
+			continue
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkUnmarshalBytes(b *testing.B) {
+	input := []byte(`"0x123456789abcdef123456789abcdef"`)
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		var v Bytes
+		if err := v.UnmarshalJSON(input); err != nil {
+			b.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMarshalBytes(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, test := range encodeBytesTests {
+		in := test.input.([]byte)
+		out, err := Bytes(in).MarshalJSON()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("%x: %v", in, err)
+			continue
+		}
+		if want := `"` + test.want + `"`; string(out) != want {
+			t.Errorf("%x: MarshalJSON output mismatch: got %q, want %q", in, out, want)
+			continue
+		}
+		if out := Bytes(in).String(); out != test.want {
+			t.Errorf("%x: String mismatch: got %q, want %q", in, out, test.want)
+			continue
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+var unmarshalBigTests = []unmarshalTest{
+	// invalid encoding
+	{input: "", wantErr: errNonString},
+	{input: "null", wantErr: errNonString},
+	{input: "10", wantErr: errNonString},
+	{input: `""`, wantErr: ErrEmptyString},
+	{input: `"0"`, wantErr: ErrMissingPrefix},
+	{input: `"0x"`, wantErr: ErrEmptyNumber},
+	{input: `"0x01"`, wantErr: ErrLeadingZero},
+	{input: `"0xx"`, wantErr: ErrSyntax},
+	{input: `"0x1zz01"`, wantErr: ErrSyntax},
+
+	// valid encoding
+	{input: `"0x0"`, want: big.NewInt(0)},
+	{input: `"0x2"`, want: big.NewInt(0x2)},
+	{input: `"0x2F2"`, want: big.NewInt(0x2f2)},
+	{input: `"0X2F2"`, want: big.NewInt(0x2f2)},
+	{input: `"0x1122aaff"`, want: big.NewInt(0x1122aaff)},
+	{input: `"0xbBb"`, want: big.NewInt(0xbbb)},
+	{input: `"0xfffffffff"`, want: big.NewInt(0xfffffffff)},
+	{
+		input: `"0x112233445566778899aabbccddeeff"`,
+		want:  referenceBig("112233445566778899aabbccddeeff"),
+	},
+	{
+		input: `"0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff"`,
+		want:  referenceBig("ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff"),
+	},
+}
+
+func TestUnmarshalBig(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, test := range unmarshalBigTests {
+		var v Big
+		err := v.UnmarshalJSON([]byte(test.input))
+		if !checkError(t, test.input, err, test.wantErr) {
+			continue
+		}
+		if test.want != nil && test.want.(*big.Int).Cmp((*big.Int)(&v)) != 0 {
+			t.Errorf("input %s: value mismatch: got %x, want %x", test.input, (*big.Int)(&v), test.want)
+			continue
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkUnmarshalBig(b *testing.B) {
+	input := []byte(`"0x123456789abcdef123456789abcdef"`)
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		var v Big
+		if err := v.UnmarshalJSON(input); err != nil {
+			b.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMarshalBig(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, test := range encodeBigTests {
+		in := test.input.(*big.Int)
+		out, err := (*Big)(in).MarshalJSON()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("%d: %v", in, err)
+			continue
+		}
+		if want := `"` + test.want + `"`; string(out) != want {
+			t.Errorf("%d: MarshalJSON output mismatch: got %q, want %q", in, out, want)
+			continue
+		}
+		if out := (*Big)(in).String(); out != test.want {
+			t.Errorf("%x: String mismatch: got %q, want %q", in, out, test.want)
+			continue
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+var unmarshalUint64Tests = []unmarshalTest{
+	// invalid encoding
+	{input: "", wantErr: errNonString},
+	{input: "null", wantErr: errNonString},
+	{input: "10", wantErr: errNonString},
+	{input: `""`, wantErr: ErrEmptyString},
+	{input: `"0"`, wantErr: ErrMissingPrefix},
+	{input: `"0x"`, wantErr: ErrEmptyNumber},
+	{input: `"0x01"`, wantErr: ErrLeadingZero},
+	{input: `"0xfffffffffffffffff"`, wantErr: ErrUintRange},
+	{input: `"0xx"`, wantErr: ErrSyntax},
+	{input: `"0x1zz01"`, wantErr: ErrSyntax},
+
+	// valid encoding
+	{input: `"0x0"`, want: uint64(0)},
+	{input: `"0x2"`, want: uint64(0x2)},
+	{input: `"0x2F2"`, want: uint64(0x2f2)},
+	{input: `"0X2F2"`, want: uint64(0x2f2)},
+	{input: `"0x1122aaff"`, want: uint64(0x1122aaff)},
+	{input: `"0xbbb"`, want: uint64(0xbbb)},
+	{input: `"0xffffffffffffffff"`, want: uint64(0xffffffffffffffff)},
+}
+
+func TestUnmarshalUint64(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, test := range unmarshalUint64Tests {
+		var v Uint64
+		err := v.UnmarshalJSON([]byte(test.input))
+		if !checkError(t, test.input, err, test.wantErr) {
+			continue
+		}
+		if uint64(v) != test.want.(uint64) {
+			t.Errorf("input %s: value mismatch: got %d, want %d", test.input, v, test.want)
+			continue
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkUnmarshalUint64(b *testing.B) {
+	input := []byte(`"0x123456789abcdf"`)
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		var v Uint64
+		v.UnmarshalJSON(input)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMarshalUint64(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, test := range encodeUint64Tests {
+		in := test.input.(uint64)
+		out, err := Uint64(in).MarshalJSON()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("%d: %v", in, err)
+			continue
+		}
+		if want := `"` + test.want + `"`; string(out) != want {
+			t.Errorf("%d: MarshalJSON output mismatch: got %q, want %q", in, out, want)
+			continue
+		}
+		if out := (Uint64)(in).String(); out != test.want {
+			t.Errorf("%x: String mismatch: got %q, want %q", in, out, test.want)
+			continue
+		}
+	}
+}