core: implement eip-7623 floor data gas (#30946)

This PR builds on #29040 and updates it to the new version of the spec.
I filled the EEST tests and they pass.

Link to spec: https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-7623

---------

Co-authored-by: Marius van der Wijden <m.vanderwijden@live.de>
Co-authored-by: lightclient <14004106+lightclient@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: lightclient <lightclient@protonmail.com>

cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/transaction.go

@@ -133,18 +133,32 @@ func Transaction(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 			r.Address = sender
 		}
 		// Check intrinsic gas
-		if gas, err := core.IntrinsicGas(tx.Data(), tx.AccessList(), tx.SetCodeAuthorizations(), tx.To() == nil,
+		rules := chainConfig.Rules(common.Big0, true, 0)
-			chainConfig.IsHomestead(new(big.Int)), chainConfig.IsIstanbul(new(big.Int)), chainConfig.IsShanghai(new(big.Int), 0)); err != nil {
+		gas, err := core.IntrinsicGas(tx.Data(), tx.AccessList(), tx.SetCodeAuthorizations(), tx.To() == nil, rules.IsHomestead, rules.IsIstanbul, rules.IsShanghai)
+		if err != nil {
 			r.Error = err
 			results = append(results, r)
 			continue
-		} else {
+		}
 		r.IntrinsicGas = gas
 		if tx.Gas() < gas {
 			r.Error = fmt.Errorf("%w: have %d, want %d", core.ErrIntrinsicGas, tx.Gas(), gas)
 			results = append(results, r)
 			continue
 		}
+		// For Prague txs, validate the floor data gas.
+		if rules.IsPrague {
+			floorDataGas, err := core.FloorDataGas(tx.Data())
+			if err != nil {
+				r.Error = err
+				results = append(results, r)
+				continue
+			}
+			if tx.Gas() < floorDataGas {
+				r.Error = fmt.Errorf("%w: have %d, want %d", core.ErrFloorDataGas, tx.Gas(), floorDataGas)
+				results = append(results, r)
+				continue
+			}
 		}
 		// Validate <256bit fields
 		switch {

core/error.go

@@ -80,6 +80,10 @@ var (
 	// than required to start the invocation.
 	ErrIntrinsicGas = errors.New("intrinsic gas too low")
 
+	// ErrFloorDataGas is returned if the transaction is specified to use less gas
+	// than required for the data floor cost.
+	ErrFloorDataGas = errors.New("insufficient gas for floor data gas cost")
+
 	// ErrTxTypeNotSupported is returned if a transaction is not supported in the
 	// current network configuration.
 	ErrTxTypeNotSupported = types.ErrTxTypeNotSupported

core/state_processor_test.go

@@ -251,9 +251,9 @@ func TestStateProcessorErrors(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 			{ // ErrMaxInitCodeSizeExceeded
 				txs: []*types.Transaction{
-					mkDynamicCreationTx(0, 500000, common.Big0, big.NewInt(params.InitialBaseFee), tooBigInitCode[:]),
+					mkDynamicCreationTx(0, 520000, common.Big0, big.NewInt(params.InitialBaseFee), tooBigInitCode[:]),
 				},
-				want: "could not apply tx 0 [0xd491405f06c92d118dd3208376fcee18a57c54bc52063ee4a26b1cf296857c25]: max initcode size exceeded: code size 49153 limit 49152",
+				want: "could not apply tx 0 [0x3a30404d42d6ccc843d7c391fd0c87b9b9795a0c174261b46d2ac95ca17b81cd]: max initcode size exceeded: code size 49153 limit 49152",
 			},
 			{ // ErrIntrinsicGas: Not enough gas to cover init code
 				txs: []*types.Transaction{

core/state_transition.go

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 package core
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"fmt"
 	"math"
 	"math/big"
@@ -79,12 +80,9 @@ func IntrinsicGas(data []byte, accessList types.AccessList, authList []types.Set
 	// Bump the required gas by the amount of transactional data
 	if dataLen > 0 {
 		// Zero and non-zero bytes are priced differently
-		var nz uint64
+		z := uint64(bytes.Count(data, []byte{0}))
-		for _, byt := range data {
+		nz := dataLen - z
-			if byt != 0 {
+
-				nz++
-			}
-		}
 		// Make sure we don't exceed uint64 for all data combinations
 		nonZeroGas := params.TxDataNonZeroGasFrontier
 		if isEIP2028 {
@@ -95,7 +93,6 @@ func IntrinsicGas(data []byte, accessList types.AccessList, authList []types.Set
 		}
 		gas += nz * nonZeroGas
 
-		z := dataLen - nz
 		if (math.MaxUint64-gas)/params.TxDataZeroGas < z {
 			return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
 		}
@@ -119,6 +116,21 @@ func IntrinsicGas(data []byte, accessList types.AccessList, authList []types.Set
 	return gas, nil
 }
 
+// FloorDataGas computes the minimum gas required for a transaction based on its data tokens (EIP-7623).
+func FloorDataGas(data []byte) (uint64, error) {
+	var (
+		z      = uint64(bytes.Count(data, []byte{0}))
+		nz     = uint64(len(data)) - z
+		tokens = nz*params.TxTokenPerNonZeroByte + z
+	)
+	// Check for overflow
+	if (math.MaxUint64-params.TxGas)/params.TxCostFloorPerToken < tokens {
+		return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
+	}
+	// Minimum gas required for a transaction based on its data tokens (EIP-7623).
+	return params.TxGas + tokens*params.TxCostFloorPerToken, nil
+}
+
 // toWordSize returns the ceiled word size required for init code payment calculation.
 func toWordSize(size uint64) uint64 {
 	if size > math.MaxUint64-31 {
@@ -414,6 +426,7 @@ func (st *stateTransition) execute() (*ExecutionResult, error) {
 		sender           = vm.AccountRef(msg.From)
 		rules            = st.evm.ChainConfig().Rules(st.evm.Context.BlockNumber, st.evm.Context.Random != nil, st.evm.Context.Time)
 		contractCreation = msg.To == nil
+		floorDataGas     uint64
 	)
 
 	// Check clauses 4-5, subtract intrinsic gas if everything is correct
@@ -424,6 +437,16 @@ func (st *stateTransition) execute() (*ExecutionResult, error) {
 	if st.gasRemaining < gas {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: have %d, want %d", ErrIntrinsicGas, st.gasRemaining, gas)
 	}
+	// Gas limit suffices for the floor data cost (EIP-7623)
+	if rules.IsPrague {
+		floorDataGas, err = FloorDataGas(msg.Data)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if msg.GasLimit < floorDataGas {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: have %d, want %d", ErrFloorDataGas, msg.GasLimit, floorDataGas)
+		}
+	}
 	if t := st.evm.Config.Tracer; t != nil && t.OnGasChange != nil {
 		t.OnGasChange(st.gasRemaining, st.gasRemaining-gas, tracing.GasChangeTxIntrinsicGas)
 	}
@@ -487,14 +510,21 @@ func (st *stateTransition) execute() (*ExecutionResult, error) {
 		ret, st.gasRemaining, vmerr = st.evm.Call(sender, st.to(), msg.Data, st.gasRemaining, value)
 	}
 
-	var gasRefund uint64
+	// Compute refund counter, capped to a refund quotient.
-	if !rules.IsLondon {
+	gasRefund := st.calcRefund()
-		// Before EIP-3529: refunds were capped to gasUsed / 2
+	st.gasRemaining += gasRefund
-		gasRefund = st.refundGas(params.RefundQuotient)
+	if rules.IsPrague {
-	} else {
+		// After EIP-7623: Data-heavy transactions pay the floor gas.
-		// After EIP-3529: refunds are capped to gasUsed / 5
+		if st.gasUsed() < floorDataGas {
-		gasRefund = st.refundGas(params.RefundQuotientEIP3529)
+			prev := st.gasRemaining
+			st.gasRemaining = st.initialGas - floorDataGas
+			if t := st.evm.Config.Tracer; t != nil && t.OnGasChange != nil {
+				t.OnGasChange(prev, st.gasRemaining, tracing.GasChangeTxDataFloor)
+			}
+		}
 	}
+	st.returnGas()
+
 	effectiveTip := msg.GasPrice
 	if rules.IsLondon {
 		effectiveTip = new(big.Int).Sub(msg.GasFeeCap, st.evm.Context.BaseFee)
@@ -585,20 +615,28 @@ func (st *stateTransition) applyAuthorization(auth *types.SetCodeAuthorization)
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (st *stateTransition) refundGas(refundQuotient uint64) uint64 {
+// calcRefund computes refund counter, capped to a refund quotient.
-	// Apply refund counter, capped to a refund quotient
+func (st *stateTransition) calcRefund() uint64 {
-	refund := st.gasUsed() / refundQuotient
+	var refund uint64
+	if !st.evm.ChainConfig().IsLondon(st.evm.Context.BlockNumber) {
+		// Before EIP-3529: refunds were capped to gasUsed / 2
+		refund = st.gasUsed() / params.RefundQuotient
+	} else {
+		// After EIP-3529: refunds are capped to gasUsed / 5
+		refund = st.gasUsed() / params.RefundQuotientEIP3529
+	}
 	if refund > st.state.GetRefund() {
 		refund = st.state.GetRefund()
 	}
-
 	if st.evm.Config.Tracer != nil && st.evm.Config.Tracer.OnGasChange != nil && refund > 0 {
 		st.evm.Config.Tracer.OnGasChange(st.gasRemaining, st.gasRemaining+refund, tracing.GasChangeTxRefunds)
 	}
+	return refund
+}
 
-	st.gasRemaining += refund
+// returnGas returns ETH for remaining gas,
-
+// exchanged at the original rate.
-	// Return ETH for remaining gas, exchanged at the original rate.
+func (st *stateTransition) returnGas() {
 	remaining := uint256.NewInt(st.gasRemaining)
 	remaining.Mul(remaining, uint256.MustFromBig(st.msg.GasPrice))
 	st.state.AddBalance(st.msg.From, remaining, tracing.BalanceIncreaseGasReturn)
@@ -610,8 +648,6 @@ func (st *stateTransition) refundGas(refundQuotient uint64) uint64 {
 	// Also return remaining gas to the block gas counter so it is
 	// available for the next transaction.
 	st.gp.AddGas(st.gasRemaining)
-
-	return refund
 }
 
 // gasUsed returns the amount of gas used up by the state transition.

core/tracing/hooks.go

@@ -313,6 +313,9 @@ const (
 	GasChangeWitnessCodeChunk GasChangeReason = 17
 	// GasChangeWitnessContractCollisionCheck flags the event of adding to the witness when checking for contract address collision.
 	GasChangeWitnessContractCollisionCheck GasChangeReason = 18
+	// GasChangeTxDataFloor is the amount of extra gas the transaction has to pay to reach the minimum gas requirement for the
+	// transaction data. This change will always be a negative change.
+	GasChangeTxDataFloor GasChangeReason = 19
 
 	// GasChangeIgnored is a special value that can be used to indicate that the gas change should be ignored as
 	// it will be "manually" tracked by a direct emit of the gas change event.

core/txpool/validation.go

@@ -115,6 +115,16 @@ func ValidateTransaction(tx *types.Transaction, head *types.Header, signer types
 	if tx.Gas() < intrGas {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: gas %v, minimum needed %v", core.ErrIntrinsicGas, tx.Gas(), intrGas)
 	}
+	// Ensure the transaction can cover floor data gas.
+	if opts.Config.IsPrague(head.Number, head.Time) {
+		floorDataGas, err := core.FloorDataGas(tx.Data())
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if tx.Gas() < floorDataGas {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: gas %v, minimum needed %v", core.ErrFloorDataGas, tx.Gas(), floorDataGas)
+		}
+	}
 	// Ensure the gasprice is high enough to cover the requirement of the calling pool
 	if tx.GasTipCapIntCmp(opts.MinTip) < 0 {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: gas tip cap %v, minimum needed %v", ErrUnderpriced, tx.GasTipCap(), opts.MinTip)

core/verkle_witness_test.go

@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ func TestProcessVerkle(t *testing.T) {
 		params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* SSTORE in constructor */
 		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* write code hash for tx creation */
 		15*(params.WitnessChunkReadCost+params.WitnessChunkWriteCost) + /* code chunks #0..#14 */
-		4844 /* execution costs */
+		uint64(4844) /* execution costs */
 	blockGasUsagesExpected := []uint64{
 		txCost1*2 + txCost2,
 		txCost1*2 + txCost2 + contractCreationCost + codeWithExtCodeCopyGas,

internal/ethapi/testdata/eth_getBlockReceipts-block-with-blob-tx.json

@@ -2,18 +2,18 @@
   {
     "blobGasPrice": "0x1",
     "blobGasUsed": "0x20000",
-    "blockHash": "0x17124e31fb075a301b1d7d4135683b0a09fe4e6d453c54e2e734d5ee00744a49",
+    "blockHash": "0x5f58514bcb3b216908f0aff6ced44666c3aa250df06093150ac850a7a7850f3c",
     "blockNumber": "0x6",
     "contractAddress": null,
     "cumulativeGasUsed": "0x5208",
-    "effectiveGasPrice": "0x1b09d63b",
+    "effectiveGasPrice": "0x1b0a08c4",
     "from": "0x703c4b2bd70c169f5717101caee543299fc946c7",
     "gasUsed": "0x5208",
     "logs": [],
     "logsBloom": "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
     "status": "0x1",
     "to": "0x0d3ab14bbad3d99f4203bd7a11acb94882050e7e",
-    "transactionHash": "0xb51ee3d2a89ba5d5623c73133c8d7a6ba9fb41194c17f4302c21b30994a1180f",
+    "transactionHash": "0x80348f994fb5f3b05bd2e5f58bbdc73485e449c028612a2c0680f9ac6ff70add",
     "transactionIndex": "0x0",
     "type": "0x3"
   }

internal/ethapi/testdata/eth_getBlockReceipts-block-with-dynamic-fee-tx.json

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 [
   {
-    "blockHash": "0x102e50de30318ee99a03a09db74387e79cad3165bf6840cc84249806a2a302f3",
+    "blockHash": "0x47cd44027bb55856a175e36be0396bad221e52172529d9c1bf12bf5424a041ae",
     "blockNumber": "0x4",
     "contractAddress": null,
-    "cumulativeGasUsed": "0x538d",
+    "cumulativeGasUsed": "0x5564",
     "effectiveGasPrice": "0x2325c42f",
     "from": "0x703c4b2bd70c169f5717101caee543299fc946c7",
-    "gasUsed": "0x538d",
+    "gasUsed": "0x5564",
     "logs": [],
     "logsBloom": "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
     "status": "0x0",

internal/ethapi/testdata/eth_getBlockReceipts-tag-latest.json

@@ -2,18 +2,18 @@
   {
     "blobGasPrice": "0x1",
     "blobGasUsed": "0x20000",
-    "blockHash": "0x17124e31fb075a301b1d7d4135683b0a09fe4e6d453c54e2e734d5ee00744a49",
+    "blockHash": "0x5f58514bcb3b216908f0aff6ced44666c3aa250df06093150ac850a7a7850f3c",
     "blockNumber": "0x6",
     "contractAddress": null,
     "cumulativeGasUsed": "0x5208",
-    "effectiveGasPrice": "0x1b09d63b",
+    "effectiveGasPrice": "0x1b0a08c4",
     "from": "0x703c4b2bd70c169f5717101caee543299fc946c7",
     "gasUsed": "0x5208",
     "logs": [],
     "logsBloom": "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
     "status": "0x1",
     "to": "0x0d3ab14bbad3d99f4203bd7a11acb94882050e7e",
-    "transactionHash": "0xb51ee3d2a89ba5d5623c73133c8d7a6ba9fb41194c17f4302c21b30994a1180f",
+    "transactionHash": "0x80348f994fb5f3b05bd2e5f58bbdc73485e449c028612a2c0680f9ac6ff70add",
     "transactionIndex": "0x0",
     "type": "0x3"
   }

internal/ethapi/testdata/eth_getTransactionReceipt-blob-tx.json

@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
 {
   "blobGasPrice": "0x1",
   "blobGasUsed": "0x20000",
-  "blockHash": "0x17124e31fb075a301b1d7d4135683b0a09fe4e6d453c54e2e734d5ee00744a49",
+  "blockHash": "0x5f58514bcb3b216908f0aff6ced44666c3aa250df06093150ac850a7a7850f3c",
   "blockNumber": "0x6",
   "contractAddress": null,
   "cumulativeGasUsed": "0x5208",
-  "effectiveGasPrice": "0x1b09d63b",
+  "effectiveGasPrice": "0x1b0a08c4",
   "from": "0x703c4b2bd70c169f5717101caee543299fc946c7",
   "gasUsed": "0x5208",
   "logs": [],
   "logsBloom": "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
   "status": "0x1",
   "to": "0x0d3ab14bbad3d99f4203bd7a11acb94882050e7e",
-  "transactionHash": "0xb51ee3d2a89ba5d5623c73133c8d7a6ba9fb41194c17f4302c21b30994a1180f",
+  "transactionHash": "0x80348f994fb5f3b05bd2e5f58bbdc73485e449c028612a2c0680f9ac6ff70add",
   "transactionIndex": "0x0",
   "type": "0x3"
 }

internal/ethapi/testdata/eth_getTransactionReceipt-create-contract-with-access-list.json

@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 {
-  "blockHash": "0x53bffe54375c0a31fe7bc0db7455db7d48278234c2400efa4d40d1c57cbe868d",
+  "blockHash": "0x5bff93f8f94ba7ee52bef1a80062b9fed22c6d1eebb2b0e87a4a003365a7bd66",
   "blockNumber": "0x5",
   "contractAddress": "0xfdaa97661a584d977b4d3abb5370766ff5b86a18",
   "cumulativeGasUsed": "0xe01c",
-  "effectiveGasPrice": "0x1ecb3fb4",
+  "effectiveGasPrice": "0x1ecb7942",
   "from": "0x703c4b2bd70c169f5717101caee543299fc946c7",
   "gasUsed": "0xe01c",
   "logs": [],
   "logsBloom": "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
   "status": "0x1",
   "to": null,
-  "transactionHash": "0xb5a1148819cfdfff9bfe70035524fec940eb735d89b76960b97751d01ae2a9f2",
+  "transactionHash": "0x173dffc76966c72542560c376ce512a871e31b86988f9169bf021da0937640f9",
   "transactionIndex": "0x0",
   "type": "0x1"
 }

internal/ethapi/testdata/eth_getTransactionReceipt-dynamic-tx-with-logs.json

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 {
-  "blockHash": "0x102e50de30318ee99a03a09db74387e79cad3165bf6840cc84249806a2a302f3",
+  "blockHash": "0x47cd44027bb55856a175e36be0396bad221e52172529d9c1bf12bf5424a041ae",
   "blockNumber": "0x4",
   "contractAddress": null,
-  "cumulativeGasUsed": "0x538d",
+  "cumulativeGasUsed": "0x5564",
   "effectiveGasPrice": "0x2325c42f",
   "from": "0x703c4b2bd70c169f5717101caee543299fc946c7",
-  "gasUsed": "0x538d",
+  "gasUsed": "0x5564",
   "logs": [],
   "logsBloom": "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
   "status": "0x0",

params/protocol_params.go

@@ -92,6 +92,8 @@ const (
 
 	TxDataNonZeroGasFrontier  uint64 = 68    // Per byte of data attached to a transaction that is not equal to zero. NOTE: Not payable on data of calls between transactions.
 	TxDataNonZeroGasEIP2028   uint64 = 16    // Per byte of non zero data attached to a transaction after EIP 2028 (part in Istanbul)
+	TxTokenPerNonZeroByte     uint64 = 4     // Token cost per non-zero byte as specified by EIP-7623.
+	TxCostFloorPerToken       uint64 = 10    // Cost floor per byte of data as specified by EIP-7623.
 	TxAccessListAddressGas    uint64 = 2400  // Per address specified in EIP 2930 access list
 	TxAccessListStorageKeyGas uint64 = 1900  // Per storage key specified in EIP 2930 access list
 	TxAuthTupleGas            uint64 = 12500 // Per auth tuple code specified in EIP-7702