Merge branch 'develop' into rpcfabian

10 years ago · 118ad22ee5
parent 81de8ed091 79828531b1
commit 118ad22ee5
40 changed files with 1194 additions and 602 deletions
--- a/cmd/mist/assets/examples/coin.html
+++ b/cmd/mist/assets/examples/coin.html
@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 <title>JevCoin</title>
 <head>
 <script type="text/javascript" src="../ext/bignumber.min.js"></script>
-<script type="text/javascript" src="../ext/ethereum.js/dist/ethereum.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="../ext/ethereum.js/dist/ethereum-light.min.js"></script>
 </head>
 <body>

--- a/cmd/mist/assets/ext/ethereum.js
+++ b/cmd/mist/assets/ext/ethereum.js
@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 2536888f817a1a15b05dab4727d30f73d6763f07
+Subproject commit 31e046dbecea51d3b99b21f3e7e60ddfb6c39304
--- a/core/block_processor.go
+++ b/core/block_processor.go
@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/event"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/logger"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pow"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
 	"gopkg.in/fatih/set.v0"
@ -83,7 +84,7 @@ func (self *BlockProcessor) ApplyTransaction(coinbase *state.StateObject, stated
 	}

 	// Update the state with pending changes
-	statedb.Update(nil)
+	statedb.Update()

 	cumulative := new(big.Int).Set(usedGas.Add(usedGas, gas))
 	receipt := types.NewReceipt(statedb.Root().Bytes(), cumulative)
@ -210,14 +211,16 @@ func (sm *BlockProcessor) processWithParent(block, parent *types.Block) (td *big
 		return
 	}

-	// Accumulate static rewards; block reward, uncle's and uncle inclusion.
-	if err = sm.AccumulateRewards(state, block, parent); err != nil {
+	// Verify uncles
+	if err = sm.VerifyUncles(state, block, parent); err != nil {
 		return
 	}
+	// Accumulate static rewards; block reward, uncle's and uncle inclusion.
+	AccumulateRewards(state, block)

 	// Commit state objects/accounts to a temporary trie (does not save)
 	// used to calculate the state root.
-	state.Update(common.Big0)
+	state.Update()
 	if header.Root != state.Root() {
 		err = fmt.Errorf("invalid merkle root. received=%x got=%x", header.Root, state.Root())
 		return
@ -252,7 +255,7 @@ func (sm *BlockProcessor) processWithParent(block, parent *types.Block) (td *big
 // an uncle or anything that isn't on the current block chain.
 // Validation validates easy over difficult (dagger takes longer time = difficult)
 func (sm *BlockProcessor) ValidateHeader(block, parent *types.Header) error {
-	if len(block.Extra) > 1024 {
+	if big.NewInt(int64(len(block.Extra))).Cmp(params.MaximumExtraDataSize) == 1 {
 		return fmt.Errorf("Block extra data too long (%d)", len(block.Extra))
 	}

@ -261,13 +264,11 @@ func (sm *BlockProcessor) ValidateHeader(block, parent *types.Header) error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("Difficulty check failed for block %v, %v", block.Difficulty, expd)
 	}

-	// TODO: use use minGasLimit and gasLimitBoundDivisor from
-	// https://github.com/ethereum/common/blob/master/params.json
-	// block.gasLimit - parent.gasLimit <= parent.gasLimit / 1024
+	// block.gasLimit - parent.gasLimit <= parent.gasLimit / GasLimitBoundDivisor
 	a := new(big.Int).Sub(block.GasLimit, parent.GasLimit)
 	a.Abs(a)
-	b := new(big.Int).Div(parent.GasLimit, big.NewInt(1024))
-	if !(a.Cmp(b) < 0) {
+	b := new(big.Int).Div(parent.GasLimit, params.GasLimitBoundDivisor)
+	if !(a.Cmp(b) < 0) || (block.GasLimit.Cmp(params.MinGasLimit) == -1) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("GasLimit check failed for block %v (%v > %v)", block.GasLimit, a, b)
 	}

@ -291,9 +292,27 @@ func (sm *BlockProcessor) ValidateHeader(block, parent *types.Header) error {
 	return nil
 }

-func (sm *BlockProcessor) AccumulateRewards(statedb *state.StateDB, block, parent *types.Block) error {
+func AccumulateRewards(statedb *state.StateDB, block *types.Block) {
 	reward := new(big.Int).Set(BlockReward)

+	for _, uncle := range block.Uncles() {
+		num := new(big.Int).Add(big.NewInt(8), uncle.Number)
+		num.Sub(num, block.Number())
+
+		r := new(big.Int)
+		r.Mul(BlockReward, num)
+		r.Div(r, big.NewInt(8))
+
+		statedb.AddBalance(uncle.Coinbase, r)
+
+		reward.Add(reward, new(big.Int).Div(BlockReward, big.NewInt(32)))
+	}
+
+	// Get the account associated with the coinbase
+	statedb.AddBalance(block.Header().Coinbase, reward)
+}
+
+func (sm *BlockProcessor) VerifyUncles(statedb *state.StateDB, block, parent *types.Block) error {
 	ancestors := set.New()
 	uncles := set.New()
 	ancestorHeaders := make(map[common.Hash]*types.Header)
@ -327,21 +346,8 @@ func (sm *BlockProcessor) AccumulateRewards(statedb *state.StateDB, block, paren
 			return ValidationError(fmt.Sprintf("%v", err))
 		}

-		num := new(big.Int).Add(big.NewInt(8), uncle.Number)
-		num.Sub(num, block.Number())
-
-		r := new(big.Int)
-		r.Mul(BlockReward, num)
-		r.Div(r, big.NewInt(8))
-
-		statedb.AddBalance(uncle.Coinbase, r)
-
-		reward.Add(reward, new(big.Int).Div(BlockReward, big.NewInt(32)))
 	}

-	// Get the account associated with the coinbase
-	statedb.AddBalance(block.Header().Coinbase, reward)
-
 	return nil
 }

@ -358,7 +364,6 @@ func (sm *BlockProcessor) GetLogs(block *types.Block) (logs state.Logs, err erro
 	)

 	sm.TransitionState(state, parent, block, true)
-	sm.AccumulateRewards(state, block, parent)

 	return state.Logs(), nil
 }
--- a/core/chain_makers.go
+++ b/core/chain_makers.go
@ -5,10 +5,10 @@ import (
 	"math/big"

 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/event"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pow"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
 )

 // So we can generate blocks easily
@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ func makeBlock(bman *BlockProcessor, parent *types.Block, i int, db common.Datab
 	cbase := state.GetOrNewStateObject(addr)
 	cbase.SetGasPool(CalcGasLimit(parent, block))
 	cbase.AddBalance(BlockReward)
-	state.Update(common.Big0)
+	state.Update()
 	block.SetRoot(state.Root())
 	return block
 }
--- a/core/chain_manager.go
+++ b/core/chain_manager.go
@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/event"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/logger"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
 )

@ -32,18 +33,15 @@ type StateQuery interface {
 func CalcDifficulty(block, parent *types.Header) *big.Int {
 	diff := new(big.Int)

-	diffBoundDiv := big.NewInt(2048)
-	min := big.NewInt(131072)
-
-	adjust := new(big.Int).Div(parent.Difficulty, diffBoundDiv)
-	if (block.Time - parent.Time) < 8 {
+	adjust := new(big.Int).Div(parent.Difficulty, params.DifficultyBoundDivisor)
+	if big.NewInt(int64(block.Time)-int64(parent.Time)).Cmp(params.DurationLimit) < 0 {
 		diff.Add(parent.Difficulty, adjust)
 	} else {
 		diff.Sub(parent.Difficulty, adjust)
 	}

-	if diff.Cmp(min) < 0 {
-		return min
+	if diff.Cmp(params.MinimumDifficulty) < 0 {
+		return params.MinimumDifficulty
 	}

 	return diff
@ -76,7 +74,7 @@ func CalcGasLimit(parent, block *types.Block) *big.Int {
 	result := new(big.Int).Add(previous, curInt)
 	result.Div(result, big.NewInt(1024))

-	return common.BigMax(GenesisGasLimit, result)
+	return common.BigMax(params.GenesisGasLimit, result)
 }

 type ChainManager struct {
--- a/core/execution.go
+++ b/core/execution.go
@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 )

 type Execution struct {
@ -43,7 +44,7 @@ func (self *Execution) exec(contextAddr *common.Address, code []byte, caller vm.

 	env := self.env
 	evm := self.evm
-	if env.Depth() == vm.MaxCallDepth {
+	if env.Depth() > int(params.CallCreateDepth.Int64()) {
 		caller.ReturnGas(self.Gas, self.price)

 		return nil, vm.DepthError{}
--- a/core/genesis.go
+++ b/core/genesis.go
@ -3,12 +3,12 @@ package core
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
-	"math/big"
 	"os"

 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 )

 /*
@ -18,13 +18,11 @@ import (
 var ZeroHash256 = make([]byte, 32)
 var ZeroHash160 = make([]byte, 20)
 var ZeroHash512 = make([]byte, 64)
-var GenesisDiff = big.NewInt(131072)
-var GenesisGasLimit = big.NewInt(3141592)

 func GenesisBlock(db common.Database) *types.Block {
-	genesis := types.NewBlock(common.Hash{}, common.Address{}, common.Hash{}, GenesisDiff, 42, "")
+	genesis := types.NewBlock(common.Hash{}, common.Address{}, common.Hash{}, params.GenesisDifficulty, 42, "")
 	genesis.Header().Number = common.Big0
-	genesis.Header().GasLimit = GenesisGasLimit
+	genesis.Header().GasLimit = params.GenesisGasLimit
 	genesis.Header().GasUsed = common.Big0
 	genesis.Header().Time = 0

--- a/core/state/state_test.go
+++ b/core/state/state_test.go
@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ func TestNull(t *testing.T) {
 	//value := common.FromHex("0x823140710bf13990e4500136726d8b55")
 	value := make([]byte, 16)
 	state.SetState(address, common.Hash{}, value)
-	state.Update(nil)
+	state.Update()
 	state.Sync()
 	value = state.GetState(address, common.Hash{})
 }
--- a/core/state/statedb.go
+++ b/core/state/statedb.go
@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ func (self *StateDB) Refunds() map[string]*big.Int {
 	return self.refund
 }

-func (self *StateDB) Update(gasUsed *big.Int) {
+func (self *StateDB) Update() {
 	self.refund = make(map[string]*big.Int)

 	for _, stateObject := range self.stateObjects {
--- a/core/state_transition.go
+++ b/core/state_transition.go
@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 )

 const tryJit = false
@ -178,7 +179,7 @@ func (self *StateTransition) transitionState() (ret []byte, usedGas *big.Int, er
 	)

 	// Transaction gas
-	if err = self.UseGas(vm.GasTx); err != nil {
+	if err = self.UseGas(params.TxGas); err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, InvalidTxError(err)
 	}

@ -186,9 +187,9 @@ func (self *StateTransition) transitionState() (ret []byte, usedGas *big.Int, er
 	dgas := new(big.Int)
 	for _, byt := range self.data {
 		if byt != 0 {
-			dgas.Add(dgas, vm.GasTxDataNonzeroByte)
+			dgas.Add(dgas, params.TxDataNonZeroGas)
 		} else {
-			dgas.Add(dgas, vm.GasTxDataZeroByte)
+			dgas.Add(dgas, params.TxDataZeroGas)
 		}
 	}

@ -202,7 +203,7 @@ func (self *StateTransition) transitionState() (ret []byte, usedGas *big.Int, er
 		ret, err, ref = vmenv.Create(sender, self.msg.Data(), self.gas, self.gasPrice, self.value)
 		if err == nil {
 			dataGas := big.NewInt(int64(len(ret)))
-			dataGas.Mul(dataGas, vm.GasCreateByte)
+			dataGas.Mul(dataGas, params.CreateDataGas)
 			if err := self.UseGas(dataGas); err == nil {
 				ref.SetCode(ret)
 			} else {
--- a/core/vm/address.go
+++ b/core/vm/address.go
@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (

 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 )

 type Address interface {
@ -27,28 +28,28 @@ func PrecompiledContracts() map[string]*PrecompiledAccount {
 	return map[string]*PrecompiledAccount{
 		// ECRECOVER
 		string(common.LeftPadBytes([]byte{1}, 20)): &PrecompiledAccount{func(l int) *big.Int {
-			return GasEcrecover
+			return params.EcrecoverGas
 		}, ecrecoverFunc},

 		// SHA256
 		string(common.LeftPadBytes([]byte{2}, 20)): &PrecompiledAccount{func(l int) *big.Int {
 			n := big.NewInt(int64(l+31) / 32)
-			n.Mul(n, GasSha256Word)
-			return n.Add(n, GasSha256Base)
+			n.Mul(n, params.Sha256WordGas)
+			return n.Add(n, params.Sha256Gas)
 		}, sha256Func},

 		// RIPEMD160
 		string(common.LeftPadBytes([]byte{3}, 20)): &PrecompiledAccount{func(l int) *big.Int {
 			n := big.NewInt(int64(l+31) / 32)
-			n.Mul(n, GasRipemdWord)
-			return n.Add(n, GasRipemdBase)
+			n.Mul(n, params.Ripemd160WordGas)
+			return n.Add(n, params.Ripemd160Gas)
 		}, ripemd160Func},

 		string(common.LeftPadBytes([]byte{4}, 20)): &PrecompiledAccount{func(l int) *big.Int {
 			n := big.NewInt(int64(l+31) / 32)
-			n.Mul(n, GasIdentityWord)
+			n.Mul(n, params.IdentityWordGas)

-			return n.Add(n, GasIdentityBase)
+			return n.Add(n, params.IdentityGas)
 		}, memCpy},
 	}
 }
--- a/core/vm/common.go
+++ b/core/vm/common.go
@ -20,8 +20,6 @@ const (
 	JitVmTy
 	MaxVmTy

-	MaxCallDepth = 1025
-
 	LogTyPretty byte = 0x1
 	LogTyDiff   byte = 0x2
 )
--- a/core/vm/errors.go
+++ b/core/vm/errors.go
@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package vm

 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	"math/big"
 )

@ -42,7 +43,7 @@ func IsStack(err error) bool {
 type DepthError struct{}

 func (self DepthError) Error() string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("Max call depth exceeded (%d)", MaxCallDepth)
+	return fmt.Sprintf("Max call depth exceeded (%d)", params.CallCreateDepth)
 }

 func IsDepthErr(err error) bool {
--- a/core/vm/gas.go
+++ b/core/vm/gas.go
@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package vm

 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	"math/big"
 )

@ -13,45 +14,10 @@ var (
 	GasSlowStep    = big.NewInt(10)
 	GasExtStep     = big.NewInt(20)

-	GasStorageGet        = big.NewInt(50)
-	GasStorageAdd        = big.NewInt(20000)
-	GasStorageMod        = big.NewInt(5000)
-	GasLogBase           = big.NewInt(375)
-	GasLogTopic          = big.NewInt(375)
-	GasLogByte           = big.NewInt(8)
-	GasCreate            = big.NewInt(32000)
-	GasCreateByte        = big.NewInt(200)
-	GasCall              = big.NewInt(40)
-	GasCallValueTransfer = big.NewInt(9000)
-	GasStipend           = big.NewInt(2300)
-	GasCallNewAccount    = big.NewInt(25000)
 	GasReturn = big.NewInt(0)
 	GasStop   = big.NewInt(0)
-	GasJumpDest          = big.NewInt(1)

-	RefundStorage = big.NewInt(15000)
-	RefundSuicide = big.NewInt(24000)
-
-	GasMemWord           = big.NewInt(3)
-	GasQuadCoeffDenom    = big.NewInt(512)
 	GasContractByte = big.NewInt(200)
-	GasTransaction       = big.NewInt(21000)
-	GasTxDataNonzeroByte = big.NewInt(68)
-	GasTxDataZeroByte    = big.NewInt(4)
-	GasTx                = big.NewInt(21000)
-	GasExp               = big.NewInt(10)
-	GasExpByte           = big.NewInt(10)
-
-	GasSha3Base     = big.NewInt(30)
-	GasSha3Word     = big.NewInt(6)
-	GasSha256Base   = big.NewInt(60)
-	GasSha256Word   = big.NewInt(12)
-	GasRipemdBase   = big.NewInt(600)
-	GasRipemdWord   = big.NewInt(12)
-	GasEcrecover    = big.NewInt(3000)
-	GasIdentityBase = big.NewInt(15)
-	GasIdentityWord = big.NewInt(3)
-	GasCopyWord     = big.NewInt(3)
 )

 func baseCheck(op OpCode, stack *stack, gas *big.Int) error {
@ -71,8 +37,8 @@ func baseCheck(op OpCode, stack *stack, gas *big.Int) error {
 			return err
 		}

-		if r.stackPush && len(stack.data)-r.stackPop+1 > 1024 {
-			return fmt.Errorf("stack limit reached (%d)", maxStack)
+		if r.stackPush && len(stack.data)-r.stackPop+1 > int(params.StackLimit.Int64()) {
+			return fmt.Errorf("stack limit reached (%d)", params.StackLimit.Int64())
 		}

 		gas.Add(gas, r.gas)
@ -142,16 +108,16 @@ var _baseCheck = map[OpCode]req{
 	MSIZE:        {0, GasQuickStep, true},
 	GAS:          {0, GasQuickStep, true},
 	BLOCKHASH:    {1, GasExtStep, true},
-	BALANCE:      {0, GasExtStep, true},
+	BALANCE:      {1, GasExtStep, true},
 	EXTCODESIZE:  {1, GasExtStep, true},
 	EXTCODECOPY:  {4, GasExtStep, false},
-	SLOAD:        {1, GasStorageGet, true},
+	SLOAD:        {1, params.SloadGas, true},
 	SSTORE:       {2, Zero, false},
-	SHA3:         {1, GasSha3Base, true},
-	CREATE:       {3, GasCreate, true},
-	CALL:         {7, GasCall, true},
-	CALLCODE:     {7, GasCall, true},
-	JUMPDEST:     {0, GasJumpDest, false},
+	SHA3:         {2, params.Sha3Gas, true},
+	CREATE:       {3, params.CreateGas, true},
+	CALL:         {7, params.CallGas, true},
+	CALLCODE:     {7, params.CallGas, true},
+	JUMPDEST:     {0, params.JumpdestGas, false},
 	SUICIDE:      {1, Zero, false},
 	RETURN:       {2, Zero, false},
 	PUSH1:        {0, GasFastestStep, true},
--- a/core/vm/stack.go
+++ b/core/vm/stack.go
@ -5,8 +5,6 @@ import (
 	"math/big"
 )

-const maxStack = 1024
-
 func newStack() *stack {
 	return &stack{}
 }
--- a/core/vm/vm.go
+++ b/core/vm/vm.go
@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 )

 type Vm struct {
@ -640,7 +641,7 @@ func (self *Vm) Run(context *Context, callData []byte) (ret []byte, err error) {
 			} else {
 				// gas < len(ret) * CreateDataGas == NO_CODE
 				dataGas := big.NewInt(int64(len(ret)))
-				dataGas.Mul(dataGas, GasCreateByte)
+				dataGas.Mul(dataGas, params.CreateDataGas)
 				if context.UseGas(dataGas) {
 					ref.SetCode(ret)
 				}
@ -667,7 +668,7 @@ func (self *Vm) Run(context *Context, callData []byte) (ret []byte, err error) {
 			args := mem.Get(inOffset.Int64(), inSize.Int64())

 			if len(value.Bytes()) > 0 {
-				gas.Add(gas, GasStipend)
+				gas.Add(gas, params.CallStipend)
 			}

 			var (
@ -759,13 +760,13 @@ func (self *Vm) calculateGasAndSize(context *Context, caller ContextRef, op OpCo

 		mSize, mStart := stack.data[stack.len()-2], stack.data[stack.len()-1]

-		gas.Add(gas, GasLogBase)
-		gas.Add(gas, new(big.Int).Mul(big.NewInt(int64(n)), GasLogTopic))
-		gas.Add(gas, new(big.Int).Mul(mSize, GasLogByte))
+		gas.Add(gas, params.LogGas)
+		gas.Add(gas, new(big.Int).Mul(big.NewInt(int64(n)), params.LogTopicGas))
+		gas.Add(gas, new(big.Int).Mul(mSize, params.LogDataGas))

 		newMemSize = calcMemSize(mStart, mSize)
 	case EXP:
-		gas.Add(gas, new(big.Int).Mul(big.NewInt(int64(len(stack.data[stack.len()-2].Bytes()))), GasExpByte))
+		gas.Add(gas, new(big.Int).Mul(big.NewInt(int64(len(stack.data[stack.len()-2].Bytes()))), params.ExpByteGas))
 	case SSTORE:
 		err := stack.require(2)
 		if err != nil {
@ -777,19 +778,19 @@ func (self *Vm) calculateGasAndSize(context *Context, caller ContextRef, op OpCo
 		val := statedb.GetState(context.Address(), common.BigToHash(x))
 		if len(val) == 0 && len(y.Bytes()) > 0 {
 			// 0 => non 0
-			g = GasStorageAdd
+			g = params.SstoreSetGas
 		} else if len(val) > 0 && len(y.Bytes()) == 0 {
-			statedb.Refund(self.env.Origin(), RefundStorage)
+			statedb.Refund(self.env.Origin(), params.SstoreRefundGas)

-			g = GasStorageMod
+			g = params.SstoreClearGas
 		} else {
 			// non 0 => non 0 (or 0 => 0)
-			g = GasStorageMod
+			g = params.SstoreClearGas
 		}
 		gas.Set(g)
 	case SUICIDE:
 		if !statedb.IsDeleted(context.Address()) {
-			statedb.Refund(self.env.Origin(), RefundSuicide)
+			statedb.Refund(self.env.Origin(), params.SuicideRefundGas)
 		}
 	case MLOAD:
 		newMemSize = calcMemSize(stack.peek(), u256(32))
@ -803,22 +804,22 @@ func (self *Vm) calculateGasAndSize(context *Context, caller ContextRef, op OpCo
 		newMemSize = calcMemSize(stack.peek(), stack.data[stack.len()-2])

 		words := toWordSize(stack.data[stack.len()-2])
-		gas.Add(gas, words.Mul(words, GasSha3Word))
+		gas.Add(gas, words.Mul(words, params.Sha3WordGas))
 	case CALLDATACOPY:
 		newMemSize = calcMemSize(stack.peek(), stack.data[stack.len()-3])

 		words := toWordSize(stack.data[stack.len()-3])
-		gas.Add(gas, words.Mul(words, GasCopyWord))
+		gas.Add(gas, words.Mul(words, params.CopyGas))
 	case CODECOPY:
 		newMemSize = calcMemSize(stack.peek(), stack.data[stack.len()-3])

 		words := toWordSize(stack.data[stack.len()-3])
-		gas.Add(gas, words.Mul(words, GasCopyWord))
+		gas.Add(gas, words.Mul(words, params.CopyGas))
 	case EXTCODECOPY:
 		newMemSize = calcMemSize(stack.data[stack.len()-2], stack.data[stack.len()-4])

 		words := toWordSize(stack.data[stack.len()-4])
-		gas.Add(gas, words.Mul(words, GasCopyWord))
+		gas.Add(gas, words.Mul(words, params.CopyGas))

 	case CREATE:
 		newMemSize = calcMemSize(stack.data[stack.len()-2], stack.data[stack.len()-3])
@ -827,12 +828,12 @@ func (self *Vm) calculateGasAndSize(context *Context, caller ContextRef, op OpCo

 		if op == CALL {
 			if self.env.State().GetStateObject(common.BigToAddress(stack.data[stack.len()-2])) == nil {
-				gas.Add(gas, GasCallNewAccount)
+				gas.Add(gas, params.CallNewAccountGas)
 			}
 		}

 		if len(stack.data[stack.len()-3].Bytes()) > 0 {
-			gas.Add(gas, GasCallValueTransfer)
+			gas.Add(gas, params.CallValueTransferGas)
 		}

 		x := calcMemSize(stack.data[stack.len()-6], stack.data[stack.len()-7])
@ -848,13 +849,13 @@ func (self *Vm) calculateGasAndSize(context *Context, caller ContextRef, op OpCo
 		if newMemSize.Cmp(u256(int64(mem.Len()))) > 0 {
 			oldSize := toWordSize(big.NewInt(int64(mem.Len())))
 			pow := new(big.Int).Exp(oldSize, common.Big2, Zero)
-			linCoef := new(big.Int).Mul(oldSize, GasMemWord)
-			quadCoef := new(big.Int).Div(pow, GasQuadCoeffDenom)
+			linCoef := new(big.Int).Mul(oldSize, params.MemoryGas)
+			quadCoef := new(big.Int).Div(pow, params.QuadCoeffDiv)
 			oldTotalFee := new(big.Int).Add(linCoef, quadCoef)

 			pow.Exp(newMemSizeWords, common.Big2, Zero)
-			linCoef = new(big.Int).Mul(newMemSizeWords, GasMemWord)
-			quadCoef = new(big.Int).Div(pow, GasQuadCoeffDenom)
+			linCoef = new(big.Int).Mul(newMemSizeWords, params.MemoryGas)
+			quadCoef = new(big.Int).Div(pow, params.QuadCoeffDiv)
 			newTotalFee := new(big.Int).Add(linCoef, quadCoef)

 			fee := new(big.Int).Sub(newTotalFee, oldTotalFee)
--- a/core/vm/vm_jit.go
+++ b/core/vm/vm_jit.go
@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"math/big"
 	"unsafe"
 )
@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ func env_create(_vm unsafe.Pointer, _gas *int64, _value unsafe.Pointer, initData
 	ret, suberr, ref := vm.env.Create(vm.me, nil, initData, gas, vm.price, value)
 	if suberr == nil {
 		dataGas := big.NewInt(int64(len(ret))) // TODO: Nto the best design. env.Create can do it, it has the reference to gas counter
-		dataGas.Mul(dataGas, GasCreateByte)
+		dataGas.Mul(dataGas, params.CreateDataGas)
 		gas.Sub(gas, dataGas)
 		*result = hash2llvm(ref.Address())
 	}
--- a/eth/backend.go
+++ b/eth/backend.go
@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ var (
 	defaultBootNodes = []*discover.Node{
 		// ETH/DEV cmd/bootnode
 		discover.MustParseNode("enode://09fbeec0d047e9a37e63f60f8618aa9df0e49271f3fadb2c070dc09e2099b95827b63a8b837c6fd01d0802d457dd83e3bd48bd3e6509f8209ed90dabbc30e3d3@52.16.188.185:30303"),
-		// ETH/DEV cpp-ethereum (poc-8.ethdev.com)
-		discover.MustParseNode("enode://4a44599974518ea5b0f14c31c4463692ac0329cb84851f3435e6d1b18ee4eae4aa495f846a0fa1219bd58035671881d44423876e57db2abd57254d0197da0ebe@5.1.83.226:30303"),
+		// ETH/DEV cpp-ethereum (poc-9.ethdev.com)
+		discover.MustParseNode("enode://487611428e6c99a11a9795a6abe7b529e81315ca6aad66e2a2fc76e3adf263faba0d35466c2f8f68d561dbefa8878d4df5f1f2ddb1fbeab7f42ffb8cd328bd4a@5.1.83.226:30303"),
 	}
 )

--- a/generators/default.json
+++ b/generators/default.json
@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
-{
-	"genesisGasLimit": { "v": 1000000, "d": "Gas limit of the Genesis block." },
-	"minGasLimit": { "v": 125000, "d": "Minimum the gas limit may ever be." },
-	"gasLimitBoundDivisor": { "v": 1024, "d": "The bound divisor of the gas limit, used in update calculations." },
-	"genesisDifficulty": { "v": 131072, "d": "Difficulty of the Genesis block." },
-	"minimumDifficulty": { "v": 131072, "d": "The minimum that the difficulty may ever be." },
-	"difficultyBoundDivisor": { "v": 2048, "d": "The bound divisor of the difficulty, used in the update calculations." },
-	"durationLimit": { "v": 8, "d": "The decision boundary on the blocktime duration used to determine whether difficulty should go up or not." },
-	"maximumExtraDataSize": { "v": 1024, "d": "Maximum size extra data may be after Genesis." },
-	"epochDuration": { "v": 30000, "d": "Duration between proof-of-work epochs." },
-	"stackLimit": { "v": 1024, "d": "Maximum size of VM stack allowed." },
-
-	"tierStepGas": { "v": [ 0, 2, 3, 5, 8, 10, 20 ], "d": "Once per operation, for a selection of them." },
-	"expGas": { "v": 10, "d": "Once per EXP instuction." },
-	"expByteGas": { "v": 10, "d": "Times ceil(log256(exponent)) for the EXP instruction." },
-
-	"sha3Gas": { "v": 30, "d": "Once per SHA3 operation." },
-	"sha3WordGas": { "v": 6, "d": "Once per word of the SHA3 operation's data." },
-
-	"sloadGas": { "v": 50, "d": "Multiplied by the number of 32-byte words that are copied (round up) for any *COPY operation and added." },
-	"sstoreSetGas": { "v": 20000, "d": "Once per SLOAD operation." },
-	"sstoreResetGas": { "v": 5000, "d": "Once per SSTORE operation if the zeroness changes from zero." },
-	"sstoreClearGas": { "v": 5000, "d": "Once per SSTORE operation if the zeroness doesn't change." },
-	"sstoreRefundGas": { "v": 15000, "d": "Once per SSTORE operation if the zeroness changes to zero." },
-	"jumpdestGas": { "v": 1, "d": "Refunded gas, once per SSTORE operation if the zeroness changes to zero." },
-
-	"logGas": { "v": 375, "d": "Per LOG* operation." },
-	"logDataGas": { "v": 8, "d": "Per byte in a LOG* operation's data." },
-	"logTopicGas": { "v": 375, "d": "Multiplied by the * of the LOG*, per LOG transaction. e.g. LOG0 incurs 0 * c_txLogTopicGas, LOG4 incurs 4 * c_txLogTopicGas." },
-
-	"createGas": { "v": 32000, "d": "Once per CREATE operation & contract-creation transaction." },
-
-	"callGas": { "v": 40, "d": "Once per CALL operation & message call transaction." },
-	"callStipend": { "v": 2300, "d": "Free gas given at beginning of call." },
-	"callValueTransferGas": { "v": 9000, "d": "Paid for CALL when the value transfor is non-zero." },
-	"callNewAccountGas": { "v": 25000, "d": "Paid for CALL when the destination address didn't exist prior." },
-
-	"suicideRefundGas": { "v": 24000, "d": "Refunded following a suicide operation." },
-	"memoryGas": { "v": 3, "d": "Times the address of the (highest referenced byte in memory + 1). NOTE: referencing happens on read, write and in instructions such as RETURN and CALL." },
-	"quadCoeffDiv": { "v": 512, "d": "Divisor for the quadratic particle of the memory cost equation." },
-
-	"createDataGas": { "v": 200, "d": "" },
-	"txGas": { "v": 21000, "d": "Per transaction. NOTE: Not payable on data of calls between transactions." },
-	"txDataZeroGas": { "v": 4, "d": "Per byte of data attached to a transaction that equals zero. NOTE: Not payable on data of calls between transactions." },
-	"txDataNonZeroGas": { "v": 68, "d": "Per byte of data attached to a transaction that is not equal to zero. NOTE: Not payable on data of calls between transactions." },
-
-	"copyGas": { "v": 3, "d": "" },
-	
-	"ecrecoverGas": { "v": 3000, "d": "" },
-	"sha256Gas": { "v": 60, "d": "" },
-	"sha256WordGas": { "v": 12, "d": "" },
-	"ripemd160Gas": { "v": 600, "d": "" },
-	"ripemd160WordGas": { "v": 120, "d": "" },
-	"identityGas": { "v": 15, "d": "" },
-	"identityWordGas": { "v": 3, "d": ""}
-}
--- a/generators/defaults.go
+++ b/generators/defaults.go
@ -35,13 +35,16 @@ func main() {
 	m := make(map[string]setting)
 	json.Unmarshal(content, &m)

-	filepath := path.Join(os.Getenv("GOPATH"), "src", "github.com", "ethereum", "go-ethereum", "core", os.Args[2])
+	filepath := path.Join(os.Getenv("GOPATH"), "src", "github.com", "ethereum", "go-ethereum", "params", os.Args[2])
 	output, err := os.OpenFile(filepath, os.O_RDWR|os.O_CREATE, os.ModePerm /*0777*/)
 	if err != nil {
 		fatal("error opening file for writing %v\n", err)
 	}

-	output.WriteString(`package core
+	output.WriteString(`// DO NOT EDIT!!!
+// AUTOGENERATED FROM generators/defaults.go
+
+package params

 import "math/big"

--- a/jsre/ethereum_js.go
+++ b/jsre/ethereum_js.go
--- a/jsre/pp_js.go
+++ b/jsre/pp_js.go
@ -23,18 +23,28 @@ function pp(object, indent) {
            }
        }
        str += " ]";
+    } else if (object instanceof Error) {
+        str += "\033[31m" + "Error";
+    } else if (isBigNumber(object)) {
+        str += "\033[32m'" + object.toString(10) + "'";
    } else if(typeof(object) === "object") {
        str += "{\n";
        indent += "  ";
-        var last = Object.keys(object).pop()
-        for(var k in object) {
-            str += indent + k + ": " + pp(object[k], indent);
+        var last = Object.getOwnPropertyNames(object).pop()
+        Object.getOwnPropertyNames(object).forEach(function (k) {
+            str += indent + k + ": ";
+            try {
+                str += pp(object[k], indent);
+            } catch (e) {
+                str += pp(e, indent);
+            }

            if(k !== last) {
                str += ",";
            }
+
            str += "\n";
-        }
+        });
        str += indent.substr(2, indent.length) + "}";
    } else if(typeof(object) === "string") {
        str += "\033[32m'" + object + "'";
@ -53,6 +63,11 @@ function pp(object, indent) {
    return str;
 }

+var isBigNumber = function (object) {
+    return typeof BigNumber !== 'undefined' && object instanceof BigNumber;
+};
+
+
 function prettyPrint(/* */) {
    var args = arguments;
    var ret = "";
--- a/miner/agent.go
+++ b/miner/agent.go
@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ out:
 		}
 	}

-	close(self.quitCurrentOp)
+	//close(self.quitCurrentOp)
 done:
 	// Empty channel
 	for {
--- a/miner/worker.go
+++ b/miner/worker.go
@ -171,6 +171,8 @@ func (self *worker) wait() {
 				}
 				self.mux.Post(core.NewMinedBlockEvent{block})

+				minerlogger.Infof("🔨 Mined block #%v", block.Number())
+
 				jsonlogger.LogJson(&logger.EthMinerNewBlock{
 					BlockHash:     block.Hash().Hex(),
 					BlockNumber:   block.Number(),
@ -270,9 +272,9 @@ gasLimit:

 	self.current.block.SetUncles(uncles)

-	self.current.state.AddBalance(self.coinbase, core.BlockReward)
+	core.AccumulateRewards(self.current.state, self.current.block)

-	self.current.state.Update(common.Big0)
+	self.current.state.Update()
 	self.push()
 }

@ -297,9 +299,6 @@ func (self *worker) commitUncle(uncle *types.Header) error {
 		return core.UncleError(fmt.Sprintf("Uncle already in family (%x)", uncle.Hash()))
 	}

-	self.current.state.AddBalance(uncle.Coinbase, uncleReward)
-	self.current.state.AddBalance(self.coinbase, inclusionReward)
-
 	return nil
 }

--- a/p2p/discover/node.go
+++ b/p2p/discover/node.go
@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ import (
 	"net/url"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"

 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
@ -30,7 +32,8 @@ type Node struct {
 	DiscPort int // UDP listening port for discovery protocol
 	TCPPort  int // TCP listening port for RLPx

-	active time.Time
+	// this must be set/read using atomic load and store.
+	activeStamp int64
 }

 func newNode(id NodeID, addr *net.UDPAddr) *Node {
@ -39,7 +42,6 @@ func newNode(id NodeID, addr *net.UDPAddr) *Node {
 		IP:       addr.IP,
 		DiscPort: addr.Port,
 		TCPPort:  addr.Port,
-		active:   time.Now(),
 	}
 }

@ -48,6 +50,20 @@ func (n *Node) isValid() bool {
 	return !n.IP.IsMulticast() && !n.IP.IsUnspecified() && n.TCPPort != 0 && n.DiscPort != 0
 }

+func (n *Node) bumpActive() {
+	stamp := time.Now().Unix()
+	atomic.StoreInt64(&n.activeStamp, stamp)
+}
+
+func (n *Node) active() time.Time {
+	stamp := atomic.LoadInt64(&n.activeStamp)
+	return time.Unix(stamp, 0)
+}
+
+func (n *Node) addr() *net.UDPAddr {
+	return &net.UDPAddr{IP: n.IP, Port: n.DiscPort}
+}
+
 // The string representation of a Node is a URL.
 // Please see ParseNode for a description of the format.
 func (n *Node) String() string {
@ -304,3 +320,26 @@ func randomID(a NodeID, n int) (b NodeID) {
 	}
 	return b
 }
+
+// nodeDB stores all nodes we know about.
+type nodeDB struct {
+	mu   sync.RWMutex
+	byID map[NodeID]*Node
+}
+
+func (db *nodeDB) get(id NodeID) *Node {
+	db.mu.RLock()
+	defer db.mu.RUnlock()
+	return db.byID[id]
+}
+
+func (db *nodeDB) add(id NodeID, addr *net.UDPAddr, tcpPort uint16) *Node {
+	db.mu.Lock()
+	defer db.mu.Unlock()
+	if db.byID == nil {
+		db.byID = make(map[NodeID]*Node)
+	}
+	n := &Node{ID: id, IP: addr.IP, DiscPort: addr.Port, TCPPort: int(tcpPort)}
+	db.byID[n.ID] = n
+	return n
+}
--- a/p2p/discover/table.go
+++ b/p2p/discover/table.go
@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ const (
 	alpha               = 3              // Kademlia concurrency factor
 	bucketSize          = 16             // Kademlia bucket size
 	nBuckets            = nodeIDBits + 1 // Number of buckets
+	maxBondingPingPongs = 10
 )

 type Table struct {
@ -24,27 +25,50 @@ type Table struct {
 	buckets [nBuckets]*bucket // index of known nodes by distance
 	nursery []*Node           // bootstrap nodes

+	bondmu    sync.Mutex
+	bonding   map[NodeID]*bondproc
+	bondslots chan struct{} // limits total number of active bonding processes
+
 	net  transport
 	self *Node // metadata of the local node
+	db   *nodeDB
+}
+
+type bondproc struct {
+	err  error
+	n    *Node
+	done chan struct{}
 }

 // transport is implemented by the UDP transport.
 // it is an interface so we can test without opening lots of UDP
 // sockets and without generating a private key.
 type transport interface {
-	ping(*Node) error
-	findnode(e *Node, target NodeID) ([]*Node, error)
+	ping(NodeID, *net.UDPAddr) error
+	waitping(NodeID) error
+	findnode(toid NodeID, addr *net.UDPAddr, target NodeID) ([]*Node, error)
 	close()
 }

 // bucket contains nodes, ordered by their last activity.
+// the entry that was most recently active is the last element
+// in entries.
 type bucket struct {
 	lastLookup time.Time
 	entries    []*Node
 }

 func newTable(t transport, ourID NodeID, ourAddr *net.UDPAddr) *Table {
-	tab := &Table{net: t, self: newNode(ourID, ourAddr)}
+	tab := &Table{
+		net:       t,
+		db:        new(nodeDB),
+		self:      newNode(ourID, ourAddr),
+		bonding:   make(map[NodeID]*bondproc),
+		bondslots: make(chan struct{}, maxBondingPingPongs),
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < cap(tab.bondslots); i++ {
+		tab.bondslots <- struct{}{}
+	}
 	for i := range tab.buckets {
 		tab.buckets[i] = new(bucket)
 	}
@ -107,8 +131,8 @@ func (tab *Table) Lookup(target NodeID) []*Node {
 				asked[n.ID] = true
 				pendingQueries++
 				go func() {
-					result, _ := tab.net.findnode(n, target)
-					reply <- result
+					r, _ := tab.net.findnode(n.ID, n.addr(), target)
+					reply <- tab.bondall(r)
 				}()
 			}
 		}
@ -116,13 +140,11 @@ func (tab *Table) Lookup(target NodeID) []*Node {
 			// we have asked all closest nodes, stop the search
 			break
 		}
-
 		// wait for the next reply
 		for _, n := range <-reply {
-			cn := n
-			if !seen[n.ID] {
+			if n != nil && !seen[n.ID] {
 				seen[n.ID] = true
-				result.push(cn, bucketSize)
+				result.push(n, bucketSize)
 			}
 		}
 		pendingQueries--
@ -145,8 +167,9 @@ func (tab *Table) refresh() {
 	result := tab.Lookup(randomID(tab.self.ID, ld))
 	if len(result) == 0 {
 		// bootstrap the table with a self lookup
+		all := tab.bondall(tab.nursery)
 		tab.mutex.Lock()
-		tab.add(tab.nursery)
+		tab.add(all)
 		tab.mutex.Unlock()
 		tab.Lookup(tab.self.ID)
 		// TODO: the Kademlia paper says that we're supposed to perform
@ -176,45 +199,105 @@ func (tab *Table) len() (n int) {
 	return n
 }

-// bumpOrAdd updates the activity timestamp for the given node and
-// attempts to insert the node into a bucket. The returned Node might
-// not be part of the table. The caller must hold tab.mutex.
-func (tab *Table) bumpOrAdd(node NodeID, from *net.UDPAddr) (n *Node) {
-	b := tab.buckets[logdist(tab.self.ID, node)]
-	if n = b.bump(node); n == nil {
-		n = newNode(node, from)
-		if len(b.entries) == bucketSize {
-			tab.pingReplace(n, b)
+// bondall bonds with all given nodes concurrently and returns
+// those nodes for which bonding has probably succeeded.
+func (tab *Table) bondall(nodes []*Node) (result []*Node) {
+	rc := make(chan *Node, len(nodes))
+	for i := range nodes {
+		go func(n *Node) {
+			nn, _ := tab.bond(false, n.ID, n.addr(), uint16(n.TCPPort))
+			rc <- nn
+		}(nodes[i])
+	}
+	for _ = range nodes {
+		if n := <-rc; n != nil {
+			result = append(result, n)
+		}
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
+// bond ensures the local node has a bond with the given remote node.
+// It also attempts to insert the node into the table if bonding succeeds.
+// The caller must not hold tab.mutex.
+//
+// A bond is must be established before sending findnode requests.
+// Both sides must have completed a ping/pong exchange for a bond to
+// exist. The total number of active bonding processes is limited in
+// order to restrain network use.
+//
+// bond is meant to operate idempotently in that bonding with a remote
+// node which still remembers a previously established bond will work.
+// The remote node will simply not send a ping back, causing waitping
+// to time out.
+//
+// If pinged is true, the remote node has just pinged us and one half
+// of the process can be skipped.
+func (tab *Table) bond(pinged bool, id NodeID, addr *net.UDPAddr, tcpPort uint16) (*Node, error) {
+	var n *Node
+	if n = tab.db.get(id); n == nil {
+		tab.bondmu.Lock()
+		w := tab.bonding[id]
+		if w != nil {
+			// Wait for an existing bonding process to complete.
+			tab.bondmu.Unlock()
+			<-w.done
 		} else {
-			b.entries = append(b.entries, n)
+			// Register a new bonding process.
+			w = &bondproc{done: make(chan struct{})}
+			tab.bonding[id] = w
+			tab.bondmu.Unlock()
+			// Do the ping/pong. The result goes into w.
+			tab.pingpong(w, pinged, id, addr, tcpPort)
+			// Unregister the process after it's done.
+			tab.bondmu.Lock()
+			delete(tab.bonding, id)
+			tab.bondmu.Unlock()
 		}
+		n = w.n
+		if w.err != nil {
+			return nil, w.err
 		}
-	return n
+	}
+	tab.mutex.Lock()
+	defer tab.mutex.Unlock()
+	if b := tab.buckets[logdist(tab.self.ID, n.ID)]; !b.bump(n) {
+		tab.pingreplace(n, b)
+	}
+	return n, nil
 }

-func (tab *Table) pingReplace(n *Node, b *bucket) {
-	old := b.entries[bucketSize-1]
-	go func() {
-		if err := tab.net.ping(old); err == nil {
-			// it responded, we don't need to replace it.
+func (tab *Table) pingpong(w *bondproc, pinged bool, id NodeID, addr *net.UDPAddr, tcpPort uint16) {
+	<-tab.bondslots
+	defer func() { tab.bondslots <- struct{}{} }()
+	if w.err = tab.net.ping(id, addr); w.err != nil {
+		close(w.done)
 		return
 	}
-		// it didn't respond, replace the node if it is still the oldest node.
-		tab.mutex.Lock()
-		if len(b.entries) > 0 && b.entries[len(b.entries)-1] == old {
-			// slide down other entries and put the new one in front.
-			// TODO: insert in correct position to keep the order
-			copy(b.entries[1:], b.entries)
-			b.entries[0] = n
+	if !pinged {
+		// Give the remote node a chance to ping us before we start
+		// sending findnode requests. If they still remember us,
+		// waitping will simply time out.
+		tab.net.waitping(id)
 	}
-		tab.mutex.Unlock()
-	}()
+	w.n = tab.db.add(id, addr, tcpPort)
+	close(w.done)
 }

-// bump updates the activity timestamp for the given node.
-// The caller must hold tab.mutex.
-func (tab *Table) bump(node NodeID) {
-	tab.buckets[logdist(tab.self.ID, node)].bump(node)
+func (tab *Table) pingreplace(new *Node, b *bucket) {
+	if len(b.entries) == bucketSize {
+		oldest := b.entries[bucketSize-1]
+		if err := tab.net.ping(oldest.ID, oldest.addr()); err == nil {
+			// The node responded, we don't need to replace it.
+			return
+		}
+	} else {
+		// Add a slot at the end so the last entry doesn't
+		// fall off when adding the new node.
+		b.entries = append(b.entries, nil)
+	}
+	copy(b.entries[1:], b.entries)
+	b.entries[0] = new
 }

 // add puts the entries into the table if their corresponding
@ -240,17 +323,17 @@ outer:
 	}
 }

-func (b *bucket) bump(id NodeID) *Node {
-	for i, n := range b.entries {
-		if n.ID == id {
-			n.active = time.Now()
+func (b *bucket) bump(n *Node) bool {
+	for i := range b.entries {
+		if b.entries[i].ID == n.ID {
+			n.bumpActive()
 			// move it to the front
-			copy(b.entries[1:], b.entries[:i+1])
+			copy(b.entries[1:], b.entries[:i])
 			b.entries[0] = n
-			return n
+			return true
 		}
 	}
-	return nil
+	return false
 }

 // nodesByDistance is a list of nodes, ordered by
--- a/p2p/discover/table_test.go
+++ b/p2p/discover/table_test.go
@ -2,79 +2,110 @@ package discover

 import (
 	"crypto/ecdsa"
-	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"math/rand"
 	"net"
 	"reflect"
 	"testing"
 	"testing/quick"
-	"time"

 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 )

-func TestTable_bumpOrAddBucketAssign(t *testing.T) {
-	tab := newTable(nil, NodeID{}, &net.UDPAddr{})
-	for i := 1; i < len(tab.buckets); i++ {
-		tab.bumpOrAdd(randomID(tab.self.ID, i), &net.UDPAddr{})
-	}
-	for i, b := range tab.buckets {
-		if i > 0 && len(b.entries) != 1 {
-			t.Errorf("bucket %d has %d entries, want 1", i, len(b.entries))
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-func TestTable_bumpOrAddPingReplace(t *testing.T) {
-	pingC := make(pingC)
-	tab := newTable(pingC, NodeID{}, &net.UDPAddr{})
+func TestTable_pingReplace(t *testing.T) {
+	doit := func(newNodeIsResponding, lastInBucketIsResponding bool) {
+		transport := newPingRecorder()
+		tab := newTable(transport, NodeID{}, &net.UDPAddr{})
 		last := fillBucket(tab, 200)
+		pingSender := randomID(tab.self.ID, 200)

-	// this bumpOrAdd should not replace the last node
-	// because the node replies to ping.
-	new := tab.bumpOrAdd(randomID(tab.self.ID, 200), &net.UDPAddr{})
+		// this gotPing should replace the last node
+		// if the last node is not responding.
+		transport.responding[last.ID] = lastInBucketIsResponding
+		transport.responding[pingSender] = newNodeIsResponding
+		tab.bond(true, pingSender, &net.UDPAddr{}, 0)

-	pinged := <-pingC
-	if pinged != last.ID {
-		t.Fatalf("pinged wrong node: %v\nwant %v", pinged, last.ID)
+		// first ping goes to sender (bonding pingback)
+		if !transport.pinged[pingSender] {
+			t.Error("table did not ping back sender")
+		}
+		if newNodeIsResponding {
+			// second ping goes to oldest node in bucket
+			// to see whether it is still alive.
+			if !transport.pinged[last.ID] {
+				t.Error("table did not ping last node in bucket")
+			}
 		}

 		tab.mutex.Lock()
 		defer tab.mutex.Unlock()
 		if l := len(tab.buckets[200].entries); l != bucketSize {
-		t.Errorf("wrong bucket size after bumpOrAdd: got %d, want %d", bucketSize, l)
+			t.Errorf("wrong bucket size after gotPing: got %d, want %d", bucketSize, l)
 		}
+
+		if lastInBucketIsResponding || !newNodeIsResponding {
 			if !contains(tab.buckets[200].entries, last.ID) {
 				t.Error("last entry was removed")
 			}
-	if contains(tab.buckets[200].entries, new.ID) {
+			if contains(tab.buckets[200].entries, pingSender) {
 				t.Error("new entry was added")
 			}
-}
-
-func TestTable_bumpOrAddPingTimeout(t *testing.T) {
-	tab := newTable(pingC(nil), NodeID{}, &net.UDPAddr{})
-	last := fillBucket(tab, 200)
-
-	// this bumpOrAdd should replace the last node
-	// because the node does not reply to ping.
-	new := tab.bumpOrAdd(randomID(tab.self.ID, 200), &net.UDPAddr{})
-
-	// wait for async bucket update. damn. this needs to go away.
-	time.Sleep(2 * time.Millisecond)
-
-	tab.mutex.Lock()
-	defer tab.mutex.Unlock()
-	if l := len(tab.buckets[200].entries); l != bucketSize {
-		t.Errorf("wrong bucket size after bumpOrAdd: got %d, want %d", bucketSize, l)
-	}
+		} else {
 			if contains(tab.buckets[200].entries, last.ID) {
 				t.Error("last entry was not removed")
 			}
-	if !contains(tab.buckets[200].entries, new.ID) {
+			if !contains(tab.buckets[200].entries, pingSender) {
 				t.Error("new entry was not added")
 			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	doit(true, true)
+	doit(false, true)
+	doit(false, true)
+	doit(false, false)
+}
+
+func TestBucket_bumpNoDuplicates(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	cfg := &quick.Config{
+		MaxCount: 1000,
+		Rand:     quickrand,
+		Values: func(args []reflect.Value, rand *rand.Rand) {
+			// generate a random list of nodes. this will be the content of the bucket.
+			n := rand.Intn(bucketSize-1) + 1
+			nodes := make([]*Node, n)
+			for i := range nodes {
+				nodes[i] = &Node{ID: randomID(NodeID{}, 200)}
+			}
+			args[0] = reflect.ValueOf(nodes)
+			// generate random bump positions.
+			bumps := make([]int, rand.Intn(100))
+			for i := range bumps {
+				bumps[i] = rand.Intn(len(nodes))
+			}
+			args[1] = reflect.ValueOf(bumps)
+		},
+	}
+
+	prop := func(nodes []*Node, bumps []int) (ok bool) {
+		b := &bucket{entries: make([]*Node, len(nodes))}
+		copy(b.entries, nodes)
+		for i, pos := range bumps {
+			b.bump(b.entries[pos])
+			if hasDuplicates(b.entries) {
+				t.Logf("bucket has duplicates after %d/%d bumps:", i+1, len(bumps))
+				for _, n := range b.entries {
+					t.Logf("  %p", n)
+				}
+				return false
+			}
+		}
+		return true
+	}
+	if err := quick.Check(prop, cfg); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
 }

 func fillBucket(tab *Table, ld int) (last *Node) {
@ -85,44 +116,27 @@ func fillBucket(tab *Table, ld int) (last *Node) {
 	return b.entries[bucketSize-1]
 }

-type pingC chan NodeID
+type pingRecorder struct{ responding, pinged map[NodeID]bool }

-func (t pingC) findnode(n *Node, target NodeID) ([]*Node, error) {
+func newPingRecorder() *pingRecorder {
+	return &pingRecorder{make(map[NodeID]bool), make(map[NodeID]bool)}
+}
+
+func (t *pingRecorder) findnode(toid NodeID, toaddr *net.UDPAddr, target NodeID) ([]*Node, error) {
 	panic("findnode called on pingRecorder")
 }
-func (t pingC) close() {
+func (t *pingRecorder) close() {
 	panic("close called on pingRecorder")
 }
-func (t pingC) ping(n *Node) error {
-	if t == nil {
-		return errTimeout
-	}
-	t <- n.ID
-	return nil
+func (t *pingRecorder) waitping(from NodeID) error {
+	return nil // remote always pings
 }
-
-func TestTable_bump(t *testing.T) {
-	tab := newTable(nil, NodeID{}, &net.UDPAddr{})
-
-	// add an old entry and two recent ones
-	oldactive := time.Now().Add(-2 * time.Minute)
-	old := &Node{ID: randomID(tab.self.ID, 200), active: oldactive}
-	others := []*Node{
-		&Node{ID: randomID(tab.self.ID, 200), active: time.Now()},
-		&Node{ID: randomID(tab.self.ID, 200), active: time.Now()},
-	}
-	tab.add(append(others, old))
-	if tab.buckets[200].entries[0] == old {
-		t.Fatal("old entry is at front of bucket")
-	}
-
-	// bumping the old entry should move it to the front
-	tab.bump(old.ID)
-	if old.active == oldactive {
-		t.Error("activity timestamp not updated")
-	}
-	if tab.buckets[200].entries[0] != old {
-		t.Errorf("bumped entry did not move to the front of bucket")
+func (t *pingRecorder) ping(toid NodeID, toaddr *net.UDPAddr) error {
+	t.pinged[toid] = true
+	if t.responding[toid] {
+		return nil
+	} else {
+		return errTimeout
 	}
 }

@ -210,7 +224,7 @@ func TestTable_Lookup(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("lookup on empty table returned %d results: %#v", len(results), results)
 	}
 	// seed table with initial node (otherwise lookup will terminate immediately)
-	tab.bumpOrAdd(randomID(target, 200), &net.UDPAddr{Port: 200})
+	tab.add([]*Node{newNode(randomID(target, 200), &net.UDPAddr{Port: 200})})

 	results := tab.Lookup(target)
 	t.Logf("results:")
@ -238,16 +252,16 @@ type findnodeOracle struct {
 	target NodeID
 }

-func (t findnodeOracle) findnode(n *Node, target NodeID) ([]*Node, error) {
-	t.t.Logf("findnode query at dist %d", n.DiscPort)
+func (t findnodeOracle) findnode(toid NodeID, toaddr *net.UDPAddr, target NodeID) ([]*Node, error) {
+	t.t.Logf("findnode query at dist %d", toaddr.Port)
 	// current log distance is encoded in port number
 	var result []*Node
-	switch n.DiscPort {
+	switch toaddr.Port {
 	case 0:
 		panic("query to node at distance 0")
 	default:
 		// TODO: add more randomness to distances
-		next := n.DiscPort - 1
+		next := toaddr.Port - 1
 		for i := 0; i < bucketSize; i++ {
 			result = append(result, &Node{ID: randomID(t.target, next), DiscPort: next})
 		}
@ -256,10 +270,8 @@ func (t findnodeOracle) findnode(n *Node, target NodeID) ([]*Node, error) {
 }

 func (t findnodeOracle) close()                                      {}
-
-func (t findnodeOracle) ping(n *Node) error {
-	return errors.New("ping is not supported by this transport")
-}
+func (t findnodeOracle) waitping(from NodeID) error                  { return nil }
+func (t findnodeOracle) ping(toid NodeID, toaddr *net.UDPAddr) error { return nil }

 func hasDuplicates(slice []*Node) bool {
 	seen := make(map[NodeID]bool)
--- a/p2p/discover/udp.go
+++ b/p2p/discover/udp.go
@ -16,11 +16,16 @@ import (

 var log = logger.NewLogger("P2P Discovery")

+const Version = 3
+
 // Errors
 var (
 	errPacketTooSmall   = errors.New("too small")
 	errBadHash          = errors.New("bad hash")
 	errExpired          = errors.New("expired")
+	errBadVersion       = errors.New("version mismatch")
+	errUnsolicitedReply = errors.New("unsolicited reply")
+	errUnknownNode      = errors.New("unknown node")
 	errTimeout          = errors.New("RPC timeout")
 	errClosed           = errors.New("socket closed")
 )
@ -45,6 +50,7 @@ const (
 // RPC request structures
 type (
 	ping struct {
+		Version    uint   // must match Version
 		IP         string // our IP
 		Port       uint16 // our port
 		Expiration uint64
@ -76,12 +82,25 @@ type rpcNode struct {
 	ID   NodeID
 }

+type packet interface {
+	handle(t *udp, from *net.UDPAddr, fromID NodeID, mac []byte) error
+}
+
+type conn interface {
+	ReadFromUDP(b []byte) (n int, addr *net.UDPAddr, err error)
+	WriteToUDP(b []byte, addr *net.UDPAddr) (n int, err error)
+	Close() error
+	LocalAddr() net.Addr
+}
+
 // udp implements the RPC protocol.
 type udp struct {
-	conn       *net.UDPConn
+	conn conn
 	priv *ecdsa.PrivateKey
+
 	addpending chan *pending
-	replies    chan reply
+	gotreply   chan reply
+
 	closing chan struct{}
 	nat     nat.Interface

@ -120,6 +139,9 @@ type reply struct {
 	from  NodeID
 	ptype byte
 	data  interface{}
+	// loop indicates whether there was
+	// a matching request by sending on this channel.
+	matched chan<- bool
 }

 // ListenUDP returns a new table that listens for UDP packets on laddr.
@ -132,15 +154,20 @@ func ListenUDP(priv *ecdsa.PrivateKey, laddr string, natm nat.Interface) (*Table
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	tab, _ := newUDP(priv, conn, natm)
+	log.Infoln("Listening,", tab.self)
+	return tab, nil
+}
+
+func newUDP(priv *ecdsa.PrivateKey, c conn, natm nat.Interface) (*Table, *udp) {
 	udp := &udp{
-		conn:       conn,
+		conn:       c,
 		priv:       priv,
 		closing:    make(chan struct{}),
+		gotreply:   make(chan reply),
 		addpending: make(chan *pending),
-		replies:    make(chan reply),
 	}
-
-	realaddr := conn.LocalAddr().(*net.UDPAddr)
+	realaddr := c.LocalAddr().(*net.UDPAddr)
 	if natm != nil {
 		if !realaddr.IP.IsLoopback() {
 			go nat.Map(natm, udp.closing, "udp", realaddr.Port, realaddr.Port, "ethereum discovery")
@ -151,11 +178,9 @@ func ListenUDP(priv *ecdsa.PrivateKey, laddr string, natm nat.Interface) (*Table
 		}
 	}
 	udp.Table = newTable(udp, PubkeyID(&priv.PublicKey), realaddr)
-
 	go udp.loop()
 	go udp.readLoop()
-	log.Infoln("Listening, ", udp.self)
-	return udp.Table, nil
+	return udp.Table, udp
 }

 func (t *udp) close() {
@ -165,10 +190,11 @@ func (t *udp) close() {
 }

 // ping sends a ping message to the given node and waits for a reply.
-func (t *udp) ping(e *Node) error {
+func (t *udp) ping(toid NodeID, toaddr *net.UDPAddr) error {
 	// TODO: maybe check for ReplyTo field in callback to measure RTT
-	errc := t.pending(e.ID, pongPacket, func(interface{}) bool { return true })
-	t.send(e, pingPacket, ping{
+	errc := t.pending(toid, pongPacket, func(interface{}) bool { return true })
+	t.send(toaddr, pingPacket, ping{
+		Version:    Version,
 		IP:         t.self.IP.String(),
 		Port:       uint16(t.self.TCPPort),
 		Expiration: uint64(time.Now().Add(expiration).Unix()),
@ -176,12 +202,16 @@ func (t *udp) ping(e *Node) error {
 	return <-errc
 }

+func (t *udp) waitping(from NodeID) error {
+	return <-t.pending(from, pingPacket, func(interface{}) bool { return true })
+}
+
 // findnode sends a findnode request to the given node and waits until
 // the node has sent up to k neighbors.
-func (t *udp) findnode(to *Node, target NodeID) ([]*Node, error) {
+func (t *udp) findnode(toid NodeID, toaddr *net.UDPAddr, target NodeID) ([]*Node, error) {
 	nodes := make([]*Node, 0, bucketSize)
 	nreceived := 0
-	errc := t.pending(to.ID, neighborsPacket, func(r interface{}) bool {
+	errc := t.pending(toid, neighborsPacket, func(r interface{}) bool {
 		reply := r.(*neighbors)
 		for _, n := range reply.Nodes {
 			nreceived++
@ -191,8 +221,7 @@ func (t *udp) findnode(to *Node, target NodeID) ([]*Node, error) {
 		}
 		return nreceived >= bucketSize
 	})
-
-	t.send(to, findnodePacket, findnode{
+	t.send(toaddr, findnodePacket, findnode{
 		Target:     target,
 		Expiration: uint64(time.Now().Add(expiration).Unix()),
 	})
@ -214,6 +243,17 @@ func (t *udp) pending(id NodeID, ptype byte, callback func(interface{}) bool) <-
 	return ch
 }

+func (t *udp) handleReply(from NodeID, ptype byte, req packet) bool {
+	matched := make(chan bool)
+	select {
+	case t.gotreply <- reply{from, ptype, req, matched}:
+		// loop will handle it
+		return <-matched
+	case <-t.closing:
+		return false
+	}
+}
+
 // loop runs in its own goroutin. it keeps track of
 // the refresh timer and the pending reply queue.
 func (t *udp) loop() {
@ -244,6 +284,7 @@ func (t *udp) loop() {
 			for _, p := range pending {
 				p.errc <- errClosed
 			}
+			pending = nil
 			return

 		case p := <-t.addpending:
@ -251,18 +292,21 @@ func (t *udp) loop() {
 			pending = append(pending, p)
 			rearmTimeout()

-		case reply := <-t.replies:
-			// run matching callbacks, remove if they return false.
+		case r := <-t.gotreply:
+			var matched bool
 			for i := 0; i < len(pending); i++ {
-				p := pending[i]
-				if reply.from == p.from && reply.ptype == p.ptype && p.callback(reply.data) {
+				if p := pending[i]; p.from == r.from && p.ptype == r.ptype {
+					matched = true
+					if p.callback(r.data) {
+						// callback indicates the request is done, remove it.
 						p.errc <- nil
 						copy(pending[i:], pending[i+1:])
 						pending = pending[:len(pending)-1]
 						i--
 					}
 				}
-			rearmTimeout()
+			}
+			r.matched <- matched

 		case now := <-timeout.C:
 			// notify and remove callbacks whose deadline is in the past.
@ -287,33 +331,38 @@ const (

 var headSpace = make([]byte, headSize)

-func (t *udp) send(to *Node, ptype byte, req interface{}) error {
+func (t *udp) send(toaddr *net.UDPAddr, ptype byte, req interface{}) error {
+	packet, err := encodePacket(t.priv, ptype, req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	log.DebugDetailf(">>> %v %T %v\n", toaddr, req, req)
+	if _, err = t.conn.WriteToUDP(packet, toaddr); err != nil {
+		log.DebugDetailln("UDP send failed:", err)
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+func encodePacket(priv *ecdsa.PrivateKey, ptype byte, req interface{}) ([]byte, error) {
 	b := new(bytes.Buffer)
 	b.Write(headSpace)
 	b.WriteByte(ptype)
 	if err := rlp.Encode(b, req); err != nil {
 		log.Errorln("error encoding packet:", err)
-		return err
+		return nil, err
 	}
-
 	packet := b.Bytes()
-	sig, err := crypto.Sign(crypto.Sha3(packet[headSize:]), t.priv)
+	sig, err := crypto.Sign(crypto.Sha3(packet[headSize:]), priv)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Errorln("could not sign packet:", err)
-		return err
+		return nil, err
 	}
 	copy(packet[macSize:], sig)
 	// add the hash to the front. Note: this doesn't protect the
 	// packet in any way. Our public key will be part of this hash in
-	// the future.
+	// The future.
 	copy(packet, crypto.Sha3(packet[macSize:]))
-
-	toaddr := &net.UDPAddr{IP: to.IP, Port: to.DiscPort}
-	log.DebugDetailf(">>> %v %T %v\n", toaddr, req, req)
-	if _, err = t.conn.WriteToUDP(packet, toaddr); err != nil {
-		log.DebugDetailln("UDP send failed:", err)
-	}
-	return err
+	return packet, nil
 }

 // readLoop runs in its own goroutine. it handles incoming UDP packets.
@ -325,29 +374,34 @@ func (t *udp) readLoop() {
 		if err != nil {
 			return
 		}
-		if err := t.packetIn(from, buf[:nbytes]); err != nil {
+		packet, fromID, hash, err := decodePacket(buf[:nbytes])
+		if err != nil {
 			log.Debugf("Bad packet from %v: %v\n", from, err)
+			continue
 		}
+		log.DebugDetailf("<<< %v %T %v\n", from, packet, packet)
+		go func() {
+			if err := packet.handle(t, from, fromID, hash); err != nil {
+				log.Debugf("error handling %T from %v: %v", packet, from, err)
+			}
+		}()
 	}
 }

-func (t *udp) packetIn(from *net.UDPAddr, buf []byte) error {
+func decodePacket(buf []byte) (packet, NodeID, []byte, error) {
 	if len(buf) < headSize+1 {
-		return errPacketTooSmall
+		return nil, NodeID{}, nil, errPacketTooSmall
 	}
 	hash, sig, sigdata := buf[:macSize], buf[macSize:headSize], buf[headSize:]
 	shouldhash := crypto.Sha3(buf[macSize:])
 	if !bytes.Equal(hash, shouldhash) {
-		return errBadHash
+		return nil, NodeID{}, nil, errBadHash
 	}
 	fromID, err := recoverNodeID(crypto.Sha3(buf[headSize:]), sig)
 	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	var req interface {
-		handle(t *udp, from *net.UDPAddr, fromID NodeID, mac []byte) error
+		return nil, NodeID{}, hash, err
 	}
+	var req packet
 	switch ptype := sigdata[0]; ptype {
 	case pingPacket:
 		req = new(ping)
@ -358,31 +412,27 @@ func (t *udp) packetIn(from *net.UDPAddr, buf []byte) error {
 	case neighborsPacket:
 		req = new(neighbors)
 	default:
-		return fmt.Errorf("unknown type: %d", ptype)
+		return nil, fromID, hash, fmt.Errorf("unknown type: %d", ptype)
 	}
-	if err := rlp.Decode(bytes.NewReader(sigdata[1:]), req); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	log.DebugDetailf("<<< %v %T %v\n", from, req, req)
-	return req.handle(t, from, fromID, hash)
+	err = rlp.Decode(bytes.NewReader(sigdata[1:]), req)
+	return req, fromID, hash, err
 }

 func (req *ping) handle(t *udp, from *net.UDPAddr, fromID NodeID, mac []byte) error {
 	if expired(req.Expiration) {
 		return errExpired
 	}
-	t.mutex.Lock()
-	// Note: we're ignoring the provided IP address right now
-	n := t.bumpOrAdd(fromID, from)
-	if req.Port != 0 {
-		n.TCPPort = int(req.Port)
+	if req.Version != Version {
+		return errBadVersion
 	}
-	t.mutex.Unlock()
-
-	t.send(n, pongPacket, pong{
+	t.send(from, pongPacket, pong{
 		ReplyTok:   mac,
 		Expiration: uint64(time.Now().Add(expiration).Unix()),
 	})
+	if !t.handleReply(fromID, pingPacket, req) {
+		// Note: we're ignoring the provided IP address right now
+		t.bond(true, fromID, from, req.Port)
+	}
 	return nil
 }

@ -390,11 +440,9 @@ func (req *pong) handle(t *udp, from *net.UDPAddr, fromID NodeID, mac []byte) er
 	if expired(req.Expiration) {
 		return errExpired
 	}
-	t.mutex.Lock()
-	t.bump(fromID)
-	t.mutex.Unlock()
-
-	t.replies <- reply{fromID, pongPacket, req}
+	if !t.handleReply(fromID, pongPacket, req) {
+		return errUnsolicitedReply
+	}
 	return nil
 }

@ -402,12 +450,21 @@ func (req *findnode) handle(t *udp, from *net.UDPAddr, fromID NodeID, mac []byte
 	if expired(req.Expiration) {
 		return errExpired
 	}
+	if t.db.get(fromID) == nil {
+		// No bond exists, we don't process the packet. This prevents
+		// an attack vector where the discovery protocol could be used
+		// to amplify traffic in a DDOS attack. A malicious actor
+		// would send a findnode request with the IP address and UDP
+		// port of the target as the source address. The recipient of
+		// the findnode packet would then send a neighbors packet
+		// (which is a much bigger packet than findnode) to the victim.
+		return errUnknownNode
+	}
 	t.mutex.Lock()
-	e := t.bumpOrAdd(fromID, from)
 	closest := t.closest(req.Target, bucketSize).entries
 	t.mutex.Unlock()

-	t.send(e, neighborsPacket, neighbors{
+	t.send(from, neighborsPacket, neighbors{
 		Nodes:      closest,
 		Expiration: uint64(time.Now().Add(expiration).Unix()),
 	})
@ -418,12 +475,9 @@ func (req *neighbors) handle(t *udp, from *net.UDPAddr, fromID NodeID, mac []byt
 	if expired(req.Expiration) {
 		return errExpired
 	}
-	t.mutex.Lock()
-	t.bump(fromID)
-	t.add(req.Nodes)
-	t.mutex.Unlock()
-
-	t.replies <- reply{fromID, neighborsPacket, req}
+	if !t.handleReply(fromID, neighborsPacket, req) {
+		return errUnsolicitedReply
+	}
 	return nil
 }

--- a/p2p/discover/udp_test.go
+++ b/p2p/discover/udp_test.go
@ -1,10 +1,18 @@
 package discover

 import (
+	"bytes"
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"io"
 	logpkg "log"
 	"net"
 	"os"
+	"path"
+	"reflect"
+	"runtime"
+	"sync"
 	"testing"
 	"time"

@ -15,197 +23,317 @@ func init() {
 	logger.AddLogSystem(logger.NewStdLogSystem(os.Stdout, logpkg.LstdFlags, logger.ErrorLevel))
 }

-func TestUDP_ping(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	n1, _ := ListenUDP(newkey(), "127.0.0.1:0", nil)
-	n2, _ := ListenUDP(newkey(), "127.0.0.1:0", nil)
-	defer n1.Close()
-	defer n2.Close()
+type udpTest struct {
+	t                   *testing.T
+	pipe                *dgramPipe
+	table               *Table
+	udp                 *udp
+	sent                [][]byte
+	localkey, remotekey *ecdsa.PrivateKey
+	remoteaddr          *net.UDPAddr
+}

-	if err := n1.net.ping(n2.self); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("ping error: %v", err)
+func newUDPTest(t *testing.T) *udpTest {
+	test := &udpTest{
+		t:          t,
+		pipe:       newpipe(),
+		localkey:   newkey(),
+		remotekey:  newkey(),
+		remoteaddr: &net.UDPAddr{IP: net.IP{1, 2, 3, 4}, Port: 30303},
 	}
-	if find(n2, n1.self.ID) == nil {
-		t.Errorf("node 2 does not contain id of node 1")
+	test.table, test.udp = newUDP(test.localkey, test.pipe, nil)
+	return test
+}
+
+// handles a packet as if it had been sent to the transport.
+func (test *udpTest) packetIn(wantError error, ptype byte, data packet) error {
+	enc, err := encodePacket(test.remotekey, ptype, data)
+	if err != nil {
+		return test.errorf("packet (%d) encode error: %v", err)
 	}
-	if e := find(n1, n2.self.ID); e != nil {
-		t.Errorf("node 1 does contains id of node 2: %v", e)
+	test.sent = append(test.sent, enc)
+	err = data.handle(test.udp, test.remoteaddr, PubkeyID(&test.remotekey.PublicKey), enc[:macSize])
+	if err != wantError {
+		return test.errorf("error mismatch: got %q, want %q", err, wantError)
 	}
+	return nil
 }

-func find(tab *Table, id NodeID) *Node {
-	for _, b := range tab.buckets {
-		for _, e := range b.entries {
-			if e.ID == id {
-				return e
-			}
+// waits for a packet to be sent by the transport.
+// validate should have type func(*udpTest, X) error, where X is a packet type.
+func (test *udpTest) waitPacketOut(validate interface{}) error {
+	dgram := test.pipe.waitPacketOut()
+	p, _, _, err := decodePacket(dgram)
+	if err != nil {
+		return test.errorf("sent packet decode error: %v", err)
 	}
+	fn := reflect.ValueOf(validate)
+	exptype := fn.Type().In(0)
+	if reflect.TypeOf(p) != exptype {
+		return test.errorf("sent packet type mismatch, got: %v, want: %v", reflect.TypeOf(p), exptype)
 	}
+	fn.Call([]reflect.Value{reflect.ValueOf(p)})
 	return nil
 }

-func TestUDP_findnode(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
+func (test *udpTest) errorf(format string, args ...interface{}) error {
+	_, file, line, ok := runtime.Caller(2) // errorf + waitPacketOut
+	if ok {
+		file = path.Base(file)
+	} else {
+		file = "???"
+		line = 1
+	}
+	err := fmt.Errorf(format, args...)
+	fmt.Printf("\t%s:%d: %v\n", file, line, err)
+	test.t.Fail()
+	return err
+}

-	n1, _ := ListenUDP(newkey(), "127.0.0.1:0", nil)
-	n2, _ := ListenUDP(newkey(), "127.0.0.1:0", nil)
-	defer n1.Close()
-	defer n2.Close()
+// shared test variables
+var (
+	futureExp  = uint64(time.Now().Add(10 * time.Hour).Unix())
+	testTarget = MustHexID("01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101")
+)

-	// put a few nodes into n2. the exact distribution shouldn't
-	// matter much, altough we need to take care not to overflow
-	// any bucket.
-	target := randomID(n1.self.ID, 100)
-	nodes := &nodesByDistance{target: target}
-	for i := 0; i < bucketSize; i++ {
-		n2.add([]*Node{&Node{
-			IP:       net.IP{1, 2, 3, byte(i)},
-			DiscPort: i + 2,
-			TCPPort:  i + 2,
-			ID:       randomID(n2.self.ID, i+2),
-		}})
-	}
-	n2.add(nodes.entries)
-	n2.bumpOrAdd(n1.self.ID, &net.UDPAddr{IP: n1.self.IP, Port: n1.self.DiscPort})
-	expected := n2.closest(target, bucketSize)
+func TestUDP_packetErrors(t *testing.T) {
+	test := newUDPTest(t)
+	defer test.table.Close()

-	err := runUDP(10, func() error {
-		result, _ := n1.net.findnode(n2.self, target)
-		if len(result) != bucketSize {
-			return fmt.Errorf("wrong number of results: got %d, want %d", len(result), bucketSize)
-		}
-		for i := range result {
-			if result[i].ID != expected.entries[i].ID {
-				return fmt.Errorf("result mismatch at %d:\n  got:  %v\n  want: %v", i, result[i], expected.entries[i])
-			}
-		}
-		return nil
-	})
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Error(err)
-	}
+	test.packetIn(errExpired, pingPacket, &ping{IP: "foo", Port: 99, Version: Version})
+	test.packetIn(errBadVersion, pingPacket, &ping{IP: "foo", Port: 99, Version: 99, Expiration: futureExp})
+	test.packetIn(errUnsolicitedReply, pongPacket, &pong{ReplyTok: []byte{}, Expiration: futureExp})
+	test.packetIn(errUnknownNode, findnodePacket, &findnode{Expiration: futureExp})
+	test.packetIn(errUnsolicitedReply, neighborsPacket, &neighbors{Expiration: futureExp})
 }

-func TestUDP_replytimeout(t *testing.T) {
+func TestUDP_pingTimeout(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
+	test := newUDPTest(t)
+	defer test.table.Close()

-	// reserve a port so we don't talk to an existing service by accident
-	addr, _ := net.ResolveUDPAddr("udp", "127.0.0.1:0")
-	fd, err := net.ListenUDP("udp", addr)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
+	toaddr := &net.UDPAddr{IP: net.ParseIP("1.2.3.4"), Port: 2222}
+	toid := NodeID{1, 2, 3, 4}
+	if err := test.udp.ping(toid, toaddr); err != errTimeout {
+		t.Error("expected timeout error, got", err)
 	}
-	defer fd.Close()
+}

-	n1, _ := ListenUDP(newkey(), "127.0.0.1:0", nil)
-	defer n1.Close()
-	n2 := n1.bumpOrAdd(randomID(n1.self.ID, 10), fd.LocalAddr().(*net.UDPAddr))
+func TestUDP_findnodeTimeout(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	test := newUDPTest(t)
+	defer test.table.Close()

-	if err := n1.net.ping(n2); err != errTimeout {
+	toaddr := &net.UDPAddr{IP: net.ParseIP("1.2.3.4"), Port: 2222}
+	toid := NodeID{1, 2, 3, 4}
+	target := NodeID{4, 5, 6, 7}
+	result, err := test.udp.findnode(toid, toaddr, target)
+	if err != errTimeout {
 		t.Error("expected timeout error, got", err)
 	}
-
-	if result, err := n1.net.findnode(n2, n1.self.ID); err != errTimeout {
-		t.Error("expected timeout error, got", err)
-	} else if len(result) > 0 {
+	if len(result) > 0 {
 		t.Error("expected empty result, got", result)
 	}
 }

-func TestUDP_findnodeMultiReply(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
+func TestUDP_findnode(t *testing.T) {
+	test := newUDPTest(t)
+	defer test.table.Close()
+
+	// put a few nodes into the table. their exact
+	// distribution shouldn't matter much, altough we need to
+	// take care not to overflow any bucket.
+	target := testTarget
+	nodes := &nodesByDistance{target: target}
+	for i := 0; i < bucketSize; i++ {
+		nodes.push(&Node{
+			IP:       net.IP{1, 2, 3, byte(i)},
+			DiscPort: i + 2,
+			TCPPort:  i + 2,
+			ID:       randomID(test.table.self.ID, i+2),
+		}, bucketSize)
+	}
+	test.table.add(nodes.entries)

-	n1, _ := ListenUDP(newkey(), "127.0.0.1:0", nil)
-	n2, _ := ListenUDP(newkey(), "127.0.0.1:0", nil)
-	udp2 := n2.net.(*udp)
-	defer n1.Close()
-	defer n2.Close()
+	// ensure there's a bond with the test node,
+	// findnode won't be accepted otherwise.
+	test.table.db.add(PubkeyID(&test.remotekey.PublicKey), test.remoteaddr, 99)

-	err := runUDP(10, func() error {
-		nodes := make([]*Node, bucketSize)
-		for i := range nodes {
-			nodes[i] = &Node{
-				IP:       net.IP{1, 2, 3, 4},
-				DiscPort: i + 1,
-				TCPPort:  i + 1,
-				ID:       randomID(n2.self.ID, i+1),
+	// check that closest neighbors are returned.
+	test.packetIn(nil, findnodePacket, &findnode{Target: testTarget, Expiration: futureExp})
+	test.waitPacketOut(func(p *neighbors) {
+		expected := test.table.closest(testTarget, bucketSize)
+		if len(p.Nodes) != bucketSize {
+			t.Errorf("wrong number of results: got %d, want %d", len(p.Nodes), bucketSize)
 		}
+		for i := range p.Nodes {
+			if p.Nodes[i].ID != expected.entries[i].ID {
+				t.Errorf("result mismatch at %d:\n  got:  %v\n  want: %v", i, p.Nodes[i], expected.entries[i])
 			}
+		}
+	})
+}

-		// ask N2 for neighbors. it will send an empty reply back.
-		// the request will wait for up to bucketSize replies.
-		resultc := make(chan []*Node)
-		errc := make(chan error)
+func TestUDP_findnodeMultiReply(t *testing.T) {
+	test := newUDPTest(t)
+	defer test.table.Close()
+
+	// queue a pending findnode request
+	resultc, errc := make(chan []*Node), make(chan error)
 	go func() {
-			ns, err := n1.net.findnode(n2.self, n1.self.ID)
-			if err != nil {
+		rid := PubkeyID(&test.remotekey.PublicKey)
+		ns, err := test.udp.findnode(rid, test.remoteaddr, testTarget)
+		if err != nil && len(ns) == 0 {
 			errc <- err
 		} else {
 			resultc <- ns
 		}
 	}()

-		// send a few more neighbors packets to N1.
-		// it should collect those.
-		for end := 0; end < len(nodes); {
-			off := end
-			if end = end + 5; end > len(nodes) {
-				end = len(nodes)
+	// wait for the findnode to be sent.
+	// after it is sent, the transport is waiting for a reply
+	test.waitPacketOut(func(p *findnode) {
+		if p.Target != testTarget {
+			t.Errorf("wrong target: got %v, want %v", p.Target, testTarget)
 		}
-			udp2.send(n1.self, neighborsPacket, neighbors{
-				Nodes:      nodes[off:end],
-				Expiration: uint64(time.Now().Add(10 * time.Second).Unix()),
 	})
+
+	// send the reply as two packets.
+	list := []*Node{
+		MustParseNode("enode://ba85011c70bcc5c04d8607d3a0ed29aa6179c092cbdda10d5d32684fb33ed01bd94f588ca8f91ac48318087dcb02eaf36773a7a453f0eedd6742af668097b29c@10.0.1.16:30303"),
+		MustParseNode("enode://81fa361d25f157cd421c60dcc28d8dac5ef6a89476633339c5df30287474520caca09627da18543d9079b5b288698b542d56167aa5c09111e55acdbbdf2ef799@10.0.1.16:30303"),
+		MustParseNode("enode://9bffefd833d53fac8e652415f4973bee289e8b1a5c6c4cbe70abf817ce8a64cee11b823b66a987f51aaa9fba0d6a91b3e6bf0d5a5d1042de8e9eeea057b217f8@10.0.1.36:30301"),
+		MustParseNode("enode://1b5b4aa662d7cb44a7221bfba67302590b643028197a7d5214790f3bac7aaa4a3241be9e83c09cf1f6c69d007c634faae3dc1b1221793e8446c0b3a09de65960@10.0.1.16:30303"),
 	}
+	test.packetIn(nil, neighborsPacket, &neighbors{Expiration: futureExp, Nodes: list[:2]})
+	test.packetIn(nil, neighborsPacket, &neighbors{Expiration: futureExp, Nodes: list[2:]})

-		// check that they are all returned. we cannot just check for
-		// equality because they might not be returned in the order they
-		// were sent.
-		var result []*Node
+	// check that the sent neighbors are all returned by findnode
 	select {
-		case result = <-resultc:
+	case result := <-resultc:
+		if !reflect.DeepEqual(result, list) {
+			t.Errorf("neighbors mismatch:\n  got:  %v\n  want: %v", result, list)
+		}
 	case err := <-errc:
-			return err
+		t.Errorf("findnode error: %v", err)
+	case <-time.After(5 * time.Second):
+		t.Error("findnode did not return within 5 seconds")
 	}
-		if hasDuplicates(result) {
-			return fmt.Errorf("result slice contains duplicates")
+}
+
+func TestUDP_successfulPing(t *testing.T) {
+	test := newUDPTest(t)
+	defer test.table.Close()
+
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	go func() {
+		test.packetIn(nil, pingPacket, &ping{IP: "foo", Port: 99, Version: Version, Expiration: futureExp})
+		close(done)
+	}()
+
+	// the ping is replied to.
+	test.waitPacketOut(func(p *pong) {
+		pinghash := test.sent[0][:macSize]
+		if !bytes.Equal(p.ReplyTok, pinghash) {
+			t.Errorf("got ReplyTok %x, want %x", p.ReplyTok, pinghash)
 		}
-		if len(result) != len(nodes) {
-			return fmt.Errorf("wrong number of nodes returned: got %d, want %d", len(result), len(nodes))
+	})
+
+	// remote is unknown, the table pings back.
+	test.waitPacketOut(func(p *ping) error { return nil })
+	test.packetIn(nil, pongPacket, &pong{Expiration: futureExp})
+
+	// ping should return shortly after getting the pong packet.
+	<-done
+
+	// check that the node was added.
+	rid := PubkeyID(&test.remotekey.PublicKey)
+	rnode := find(test.table, rid)
+	if rnode == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("node %v not found in table", rid)
 	}
-		matched := make(map[NodeID]bool)
-		for _, n := range result {
-			for _, expn := range nodes {
-				if n.ID == expn.ID { // && bytes.Equal(n.Addr.IP, expn.Addr.IP) && n.Addr.Port == expn.Addr.Port {
-					matched[n.ID] = true
+	if !bytes.Equal(rnode.IP, test.remoteaddr.IP) {
+		t.Errorf("node has wrong IP: got %v, want: %v", rnode.IP, test.remoteaddr.IP)
 	}
+	if rnode.DiscPort != test.remoteaddr.Port {
+		t.Errorf("node has wrong Port: got %v, want: %v", rnode.DiscPort, test.remoteaddr.Port)
 	}
+	if rnode.TCPPort != 99 {
+		t.Errorf("node has wrong Port: got %v, want: %v", rnode.TCPPort, 99)
+	}
+}
+
+func find(tab *Table, id NodeID) *Node {
+	for _, b := range tab.buckets {
+		for _, e := range b.entries {
+			if e.ID == id {
+				return e
 			}
-		if len(matched) != len(nodes) {
-			return fmt.Errorf("wrong number of matching nodes: got %d, want %d", len(matched), len(nodes))
 		}
-		return nil
-	})
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Error(err)
 	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// dgramPipe is a fake UDP socket. It queues all sent datagrams.
+type dgramPipe struct {
+	mu      *sync.Mutex
+	cond    *sync.Cond
+	closing chan struct{}
+	closed  bool
+	queue   [][]byte
 }

-// runUDP runs a test n times and returns an error if the test failed
-// in all n runs. This is necessary because UDP is unreliable even for
-// connections on the local machine, causing test failures.
-func runUDP(n int, test func() error) error {
-	errcount := 0
-	errors := ""
-	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
-		if err := test(); err != nil {
-			errors += fmt.Sprintf("\n#%d: %v", i, err)
-			errcount++
+func newpipe() *dgramPipe {
+	mu := new(sync.Mutex)
+	return &dgramPipe{
+		closing: make(chan struct{}),
+		cond:    &sync.Cond{L: mu},
+		mu:      mu,
 	}
+}
+
+// WriteToUDP queues a datagram.
+func (c *dgramPipe) WriteToUDP(b []byte, to *net.UDPAddr) (n int, err error) {
+	msg := make([]byte, len(b))
+	copy(msg, b)
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	defer c.mu.Unlock()
+	if c.closed {
+		return 0, errors.New("closed")
 	}
-	if errcount == n {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed on all %d iterations:%s", n, errors)
+	c.queue = append(c.queue, msg)
+	c.cond.Signal()
+	return len(b), nil
+}
+
+// ReadFromUDP just hangs until the pipe is closed.
+func (c *dgramPipe) ReadFromUDP(b []byte) (n int, addr *net.UDPAddr, err error) {
+	<-c.closing
+	return 0, nil, io.EOF
+}
+
+func (c *dgramPipe) Close() error {
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	defer c.mu.Unlock()
+	if !c.closed {
+		close(c.closing)
+		c.closed = true
 	}
 	return nil
 }
+
+func (c *dgramPipe) LocalAddr() net.Addr {
+	return &net.UDPAddr{}
+}
+
+func (c *dgramPipe) waitPacketOut() []byte {
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	defer c.mu.Unlock()
+	for len(c.queue) == 0 {
+		c.cond.Wait()
+	}
+	p := c.queue[0]
+	copy(c.queue, c.queue[1:])
+	c.queue = c.queue[:len(c.queue)-1]
+	return p
+}
--- a/params/protocol_params.go
+++ b/params/protocol_params.go
@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+// DO NOT EDIT!!!
+// AUTOGENERATED FROM generators/defaults.go
+
+package params
+
+import "math/big"
+
+var (
+	MaximumExtraDataSize   = big.NewInt(1024)    // Maximum size extra data may be after Genesis.
+	ExpByteGas             = big.NewInt(10)      // Times ceil(log256(exponent)) for the EXP instruction.
+	SloadGas               = big.NewInt(50)      // Multiplied by the number of 32-byte words that are copied (round up) for any *COPY operation and added.
+	CallValueTransferGas   = big.NewInt(9000)    // Paid for CALL when the value transfor is non-zero.
+	CallNewAccountGas      = big.NewInt(25000)   // Paid for CALL when the destination address didn't exist prior.
+	TxGas                  = big.NewInt(21000)   // Per transaction. NOTE: Not payable on data of calls between transactions.
+	TxDataZeroGas          = big.NewInt(4)       // Per byte of data attached to a transaction that equals zero. NOTE: Not payable on data of calls between transactions.
+	GenesisGasLimit        = big.NewInt(3141592) // Gas limit of the Genesis block.
+	DifficultyBoundDivisor = big.NewInt(2048)    // The bound divisor of the difficulty, used in the update calculations.
+	QuadCoeffDiv           = big.NewInt(512)     // Divisor for the quadratic particle of the memory cost equation.
+	GenesisDifficulty      = big.NewInt(131072)  // Difficulty of the Genesis block.
+	DurationLimit          = big.NewInt(8)       // The decision boundary on the blocktime duration used to determine whether difficulty should go up or not.
+	SstoreSetGas           = big.NewInt(20000)   // Once per SLOAD operation.
+	LogDataGas             = big.NewInt(8)       // Per byte in a LOG* operation's data.
+	CallStipend            = big.NewInt(2300)    // Free gas given at beginning of call.
+	EcrecoverGas           = big.NewInt(3000)    //
+	Sha256WordGas          = big.NewInt(12)      //
+	MinGasLimit            = big.NewInt(125000)  // Minimum the gas limit may ever be.
+	Sha3Gas                = big.NewInt(30)      // Once per SHA3 operation.
+	Sha256Gas              = big.NewInt(60)      //
+	IdentityWordGas        = big.NewInt(3)       //
+	Sha3WordGas            = big.NewInt(6)       // Once per word of the SHA3 operation's data.
+	SstoreResetGas         = big.NewInt(5000)    // Once per SSTORE operation if the zeroness changes from zero.
+	SstoreClearGas         = big.NewInt(5000)    // Once per SSTORE operation if the zeroness doesn't change.
+	SstoreRefundGas        = big.NewInt(15000)   // Once per SSTORE operation if the zeroness changes to zero.
+	JumpdestGas            = big.NewInt(1)       // Refunded gas, once per SSTORE operation if the zeroness changes to zero.
+	IdentityGas            = big.NewInt(15)      //
+	GasLimitBoundDivisor   = big.NewInt(1024)    // The bound divisor of the gas limit, used in update calculations.
+	EpochDuration          = big.NewInt(30000)   // Duration between proof-of-work epochs.
+	CallGas                = big.NewInt(40)      // Once per CALL operation & message call transaction.
+	CreateDataGas          = big.NewInt(200)     //
+	Ripemd160Gas           = big.NewInt(600)     //
+	Ripemd160WordGas       = big.NewInt(120)     //
+	MinimumDifficulty      = big.NewInt(131072)  // The minimum that the difficulty may ever be.
+	CallCreateDepth        = big.NewInt(1024)    // Maximum depth of call/create stack.
+	ExpGas                 = big.NewInt(10)      // Once per EXP instuction.
+	LogGas                 = big.NewInt(375)     // Per LOG* operation.
+	CopyGas                = big.NewInt(3)       //
+	StackLimit             = big.NewInt(1024)    // Maximum size of VM stack allowed.
+	TierStepGas            = big.NewInt(0)       // Once per operation, for a selection of them.
+	LogTopicGas            = big.NewInt(375)     // Multiplied by the * of the LOG*, per LOG transaction. e.g. LOG0 incurs 0 * c_txLogTopicGas, LOG4 incurs 4 * c_txLogTopicGas.
+	CreateGas              = big.NewInt(32000)   // Once per CREATE operation & contract-creation transaction.
+	SuicideRefundGas       = big.NewInt(24000)   // Refunded following a suicide operation.
+	MemoryGas              = big.NewInt(3)       // Times the address of the (highest referenced byte in memory + 1). NOTE: referencing happens on read, write and in instructions such as RETURN and CALL.
+	TxDataNonZeroGas       = big.NewInt(68)      // Per byte of data attached to a transaction that is not equal to zero. NOTE: Not payable on data of calls between transactions.
+)
--- a/rpc/api.go
+++ b/rpc/api.go
@ -80,8 +80,9 @@ func (api *EthereumApi) GetRequestReply(req *RpcRequest, reply *interface{}) err
 			return err
 		}

-		v := api.xethAtStateNum(args.BlockNumber).State().SafeGet(args.Address).Balance()
-		*reply = common.ToHex(v.Bytes())
+		*reply = api.xethAtStateNum(args.BlockNumber).BalanceAt(args.Address)
+		//v := api.xethAtStateNum(args.BlockNumber).State().SafeGet(args.Address).Balance()
+		//*reply = common.ToHex(v.Bytes())
 	case "eth_getStorage", "eth_storageAt":
 		args := new(GetStorageArgs)
 		if err := json.Unmarshal(req.Params, &args); err != nil {
@ -95,10 +96,7 @@ func (api *EthereumApi) GetRequestReply(req *RpcRequest, reply *interface{}) err
 			return err
 		}

-		state := api.xethAtStateNum(args.BlockNumber).State().SafeGet(args.Address)
-		value := state.StorageString(args.Key)
-
-		*reply = common.ToHex(value.Bytes())
+		*reply = api.xethAtStateNum(args.BlockNumber).StorageAt(args.Address, args.Key)
 	case "eth_getTransactionCount":
 		args := new(GetTxCountArgs)
 		if err := json.Unmarshal(req.Params, &args); err != nil {
--- a/tests/blocktest.go
+++ b/tests/blocktest.go
@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ func (t *BlockTest) InsertPreState(db common.Database) (*state.StateDB, error) {
 		}
 	}
 	// sync objects to trie
-	statedb.Update(nil)
+	statedb.Update()
 	// sync trie to disk
 	statedb.Sync()

--- a/tests/files/BasicTests/genesishashestest.json
+++ b/tests/files/BasicTests/genesishashestest.json
@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 {
-  "genesis_rlp_hex": "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",
+  "genesis_rlp_hex": "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",
  "genesis_state_root": "9178d0f23c965d81f0834a4c72c6253ce6830f4022b1359aaebfc1ecba442d4e",
-  "genesis_hash": "b5d6d8402156c5c1dfadaa4b87c676b5bcadb17ef9bc8e939606daaa0d35f55d"
+  "genesis_hash": "fd4af92a79c7fc2fd8bf0d342f2e832e1d4f485c85b9152d2039e03bc604fdca"
 }
--- a/tests/files/StateTests/RandomTests/st201503261401CPPJIT.json
+++ b/tests/files/StateTests/RandomTests/st201503261401CPPJIT.json
@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+{
+    "randomStatetest" : {
+        "env" : {
+            "currentCoinbase" : "945304eb96065b2a98b57a48a06ae28d285a71b5",
+            "currentDifficulty" : "5623894562375",
+            "currentGasLimit" : "115792089237316195423570985008687907853269984665640564039457584007913129639935",
+            "currentNumber" : "0",
+            "currentTimestamp" : "1",
+            "previousHash" : "5e20a0453cecd065ea59c37ac63e079ee08998b6045136a8ce6635c7912ec0b6"
+        },
+        "logs" : [
+        ],
+        "out" : "0x",
+        "post" : {
+            "095e7baea6a6c7c4c2dfeb977efac326af552d87" : {
+                "balance" : "972201916",
+                "code" : "0x7f00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007f00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000019e7f000000000000000000000000ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff7f000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000c35036017f000000000000000000000000945304eb96065b2a98b57a48a06ae28d285a71b51916f2620a6e7d187a5560005155",
+                "nonce" : "0",
+                "storage" : {
+                }
+            },
+            "945304eb96065b2a98b57a48a06ae28d285a71b5" : {
+                "balance" : "912450255",
+                "code" : "0x6000355415600957005b60203560003555",
+                "nonce" : "0",
+                "storage" : {
+                }
+            },
+            "a94f5374fce5edbc8e2a8697c15331677e6ebf0b" : {
+                "balance" : "999999998115347875",
+                "code" : "0x",
+                "nonce" : "1",
+                "storage" : {
+                }
+            }
+        },
+        "postStateRoot" : "24e7dcfb7ff0269a9000bedfeafad33c3ccc3610e3031c88bace245f3cbe64d2",
+        "pre" : {
+            "095e7baea6a6c7c4c2dfeb977efac326af552d87" : {
+                "balance" : "0",
+                "code" : "0x7f00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007f00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000019e7f000000000000000000000000ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff7f000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000c35036017f000000000000000000000000945304eb96065b2a98b57a48a06ae28d285a71b51916f2620a6e7d187a5560005155",
+                "nonce" : "0",
+                "storage" : {
+                }
+            },
+            "945304eb96065b2a98b57a48a06ae28d285a71b5" : {
+                "balance" : "46",
+                "code" : "0x6000355415600957005b60203560003555",
+                "nonce" : "0",
+                "storage" : {
+                }
+            },
+            "a94f5374fce5edbc8e2a8697c15331677e6ebf0b" : {
+                "balance" : "1000000000000000000",
+                "code" : "0x",
+                "nonce" : "0",
+                "storage" : {
+                }
+            }
+        },
+        "transaction" : {
+            "data" : "0x7f00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007f00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000019e7f000000000000000000000000ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff7f000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000c35036017f000000000000000000000000945304eb96065b2a98b57a48a06ae28d285a71b51916f2620a6e7d187a",
+            "gasLimit" : "0x3662e2a1",
+            "gasPrice" : "1",
+            "nonce" : "0",
+            "secretKey" : "45a915e4d060149eb4365960e6a7a45f334393093061116b197e3240065ff2d8",
+            "to" : "095e7baea6a6c7c4c2dfeb977efac326af552d87",
+            "value" : "972201916"
+        }
+    }
+}
--- a/tests/files/StateTests/RandomTests/st201504011535GO.json
+++ b/tests/files/StateTests/RandomTests/st201504011535GO.json
@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+{
+    "randomStatetest" : {
+        "env" : {
+            "currentCoinbase" : "945304eb96065b2a98b57a48a06ae28d285a71b5",
+            "currentDifficulty" : "5623894562375",
+            "currentGasLimit" : "115792089237316195423570985008687907853269984665640564039457584007913129639935",
+            "currentNumber" : "0",
+            "currentTimestamp" : "1",
+            "previousHash" : "5e20a0453cecd065ea59c37ac63e079ee08998b6045136a8ce6635c7912ec0b6"
+        },
+        "logs" : [
+        ],
+        "out" : "0x",
+        "post" : {
+            "095e7baea6a6c7c4c2dfeb977efac326af552d87" : {
+                "balance" : "0",
+                "code" : "0x31417f000000000000000000000000ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff7f000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000c3507ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe7f00000000000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000000000007f00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000017fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff0315208a675944747f7430661519049a55",
+                "nonce" : "0",
+                "storage" : {
+                }
+            },
+            "945304eb96065b2a98b57a48a06ae28d285a71b5" : {
+                "balance" : "704316238",
+                "code" : "0x6000355415600957005b60203560003555",
+                "nonce" : "0",
+                "storage" : {
+                }
+            },
+            "a94f5374fce5edbc8e2a8697c15331677e6ebf0b" : {
+                "balance" : "999999999295683808",
+                "code" : "0x",
+                "nonce" : "1",
+                "storage" : {
+                }
+            }
+        },
+        "postStateRoot" : "ddb8f27abb51685caa793be133df9db3912648c02498b74a0ae874294acce6f0",
+        "pre" : {
+            "095e7baea6a6c7c4c2dfeb977efac326af552d87" : {
+                "balance" : "0",
+                "code" : "0x31417f000000000000000000000000ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff7f000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000c3507ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe7f00000000000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000000000007f00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000017fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff0315208a675944747f7430661519049a55",
+                "nonce" : "0",
+                "storage" : {
+                }
+            },
+            "945304eb96065b2a98b57a48a06ae28d285a71b5" : {
+                "balance" : "46",
+                "code" : "0x6000355415600957005b60203560003555",
+                "nonce" : "0",
+                "storage" : {
+                }
+            },
+            "a94f5374fce5edbc8e2a8697c15331677e6ebf0b" : {
+                "balance" : "1000000000000000000",
+                "code" : "0x",
+                "nonce" : "0",
+                "storage" : {
+                }
+            }
+        },
+        "transaction" : {
+            "data" : "0x31417f000000000000000000000000ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff7f000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000c3507ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe7f00000000000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000000000007f00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000017fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff0315208a675944747f7430661519049a",
+            "gasLimit" : "0x29fb0320",
+            "gasPrice" : "1",
+            "nonce" : "0",
+            "secretKey" : "45a915e4d060149eb4365960e6a7a45f334393093061116b197e3240065ff2d8",
+            "to" : "095e7baea6a6c7c4c2dfeb977efac326af552d87",
+            "value" : "1758540724"
+        }
+    }
+}
--- a/tests/files/StateTests/RandomTests/st201504011536GO.json
+++ b/tests/files/StateTests/RandomTests/st201504011536GO.json
@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+{
+    "randomStatetest" : {
+        "env" : {
+            "currentCoinbase" : "945304eb96065b2a98b57a48a06ae28d285a71b5",
+            "currentDifficulty" : "5623894562375",
+            "currentGasLimit" : "115792089237316195423570985008687907853269984665640564039457584007913129639935",
+            "currentNumber" : "0",
+            "currentTimestamp" : "1",
+            "previousHash" : "5e20a0453cecd065ea59c37ac63e079ee08998b6045136a8ce6635c7912ec0b6"
+        },
+        "logs" : [
+        ],
+        "out" : "0x",
+        "post" : {
+            "095e7baea6a6c7c4c2dfeb977efac326af552d87" : {
+                "balance" : "0",
+                "code" : "0x44207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe7f00000000000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000000000007f00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007f000000000000000000000000945304eb96065b2a98b57a48a06ae28d285a71b57fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff7f0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001145344846604627f5560005155",
+                "nonce" : "0",
+                "storage" : {
+                }
+            },
+            "945304eb96065b2a98b57a48a06ae28d285a71b5" : {
+                "balance" : "620442430",
+                "code" : "0x6000355415600957005b60203560003555",
+                "nonce" : "0",
+                "storage" : {
+                }
+            },
+            "a94f5374fce5edbc8e2a8697c15331677e6ebf0b" : {
+                "balance" : "999999999379557616",
+                "code" : "0x",
+                "nonce" : "1",
+                "storage" : {
+                }
+            }
+        },
+        "postStateRoot" : "da70f5af0d1545ec9f0f0e28a55d3f2896bb3d64c71b4908f72ed26c345aafe4",
+        "pre" : {
+            "095e7baea6a6c7c4c2dfeb977efac326af552d87" : {
+                "balance" : "0",
+                "code" : "0x44207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe7f00000000000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000000000007f00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007f000000000000000000000000945304eb96065b2a98b57a48a06ae28d285a71b57fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff7f0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001145344846604627f5560005155",
+                "nonce" : "0",
+                "storage" : {
+                }
+            },
+            "945304eb96065b2a98b57a48a06ae28d285a71b5" : {
+                "balance" : "46",
+                "code" : "0x6000355415600957005b60203560003555",
+                "nonce" : "0",
+                "storage" : {
+                }
+            },
+            "a94f5374fce5edbc8e2a8697c15331677e6ebf0b" : {
+                "balance" : "1000000000000000000",
+                "code" : "0x",
+                "nonce" : "0",
+                "storage" : {
+                }
+            }
+        },
+        "transaction" : {
+            "data" : "0x44207ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe7f00000000000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000000000007f00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007f000000000000000000000000945304eb96065b2a98b57a48a06ae28d285a71b57fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff7f0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001145344846604627f",
+            "gasLimit" : "0x24fb3310",
+            "gasPrice" : "1",
+            "nonce" : "0",
+            "secretKey" : "45a915e4d060149eb4365960e6a7a45f334393093061116b197e3240065ff2d8",
+            "to" : "095e7baea6a6c7c4c2dfeb977efac326af552d87",
+            "value" : "1561176030"
+        }
+    }
+}
--- a/tests/files/StateTests/RandomTests/st201504011547GO.json
+++ b/tests/files/StateTests/RandomTests/st201504011547GO.json
@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+{
+    "randomStatetest" : {
+        "env" : {
+            "currentCoinbase" : "945304eb96065b2a98b57a48a06ae28d285a71b5",
+            "currentDifficulty" : "5623894562375",
+            "currentGasLimit" : "115792089237316195423570985008687907853269984665640564039457584007913129639935",
+            "currentNumber" : "0",
+            "currentTimestamp" : "1",
+            "previousHash" : "5e20a0453cecd065ea59c37ac63e079ee08998b6045136a8ce6635c7912ec0b6"
+        },
+        "logs" : [
+        ],
+        "out" : "0x",
+        "post" : {
+            "095e7baea6a6c7c4c2dfeb977efac326af552d87" : {
+                "balance" : "0",
+                "code" : "0x7f0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001207f000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000c3507fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff7f000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000c3507ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe406f",
+                "nonce" : "0",
+                "storage" : {
+                }
+            },
+            "945304eb96065b2a98b57a48a06ae28d285a71b5" : {
+                "balance" : "1258533548",
+                "code" : "0x6000355415600957005b60203560003555",
+                "nonce" : "0",
+                "storage" : {
+                }
+            },
+            "a94f5374fce5edbc8e2a8697c15331677e6ebf0b" : {
+                "balance" : "999999998741466498",
+                "code" : "0x",
+                "nonce" : "1",
+                "storage" : {
+                }
+            }
+        },
+        "postStateRoot" : "e1881131f80068947922f01c78464f93c46e6e11314d0deceb55809e594aec0a",
+        "pre" : {
+            "095e7baea6a6c7c4c2dfeb977efac326af552d87" : {
+                "balance" : "0",
+                "code" : "0x7f0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001207f000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000c3507fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff7f000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000c3507ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe406f",
+                "nonce" : "0",
+                "storage" : {
+                }
+            },
+            "945304eb96065b2a98b57a48a06ae28d285a71b5" : {
+                "balance" : "46",
+                "code" : "0x6000355415600957005b60203560003555",
+                "nonce" : "0",
+                "storage" : {
+                }
+            },
+            "a94f5374fce5edbc8e2a8697c15331677e6ebf0b" : {
+                "balance" : "1000000000000000000",
+                "code" : "0x",
+                "nonce" : "0",
+                "storage" : {
+                }
+            }
+        },
+        "transaction" : {
+            "data" : "0x7f0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001207f000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000c3507fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff7f000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000c3507ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe406f",
+            "gasLimit" : "0x4b03b27e",
+            "gasPrice" : "1",
+            "nonce" : "0",
+            "secretKey" : "45a915e4d060149eb4365960e6a7a45f334393093061116b197e3240065ff2d8",
+            "to" : "095e7baea6a6c7c4c2dfeb977efac326af552d87",
+            "value" : "781711523"
+        }
+    }
+}
--- a/tests/files/StateTests/stCallCreateCallCodeTest.json
+++ b/tests/files/StateTests/stCallCreateCallCodeTest.json
@ -868,7 +868,7 @@
                }
            },
            "6295ee1b4f6dd65047762f924ecd367c17eabf8f" : {
-                "balance" : "100000",
+                "balance" : "200000",
                "code" : "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",
                "nonce" : "0",
                "storage" : {
@ -880,17 +880,29 @@
                }
            },
            "a94f5374fce5edbc8e2a8697c15331677e6ebf0b" : {
-                "balance" : "999999999999533644",
+                "balance" : "9999999533644",
                "code" : "0x",
                "nonce" : "1",
                "storage" : {
                }
            }
        },
-        "postStateRoot" : "239c509594811741c8f3ed0a2d89abb00c0398098c80f88a82cebc153dec5c4b",
+        "postStateRoot" : "5500215cdbf8165ca47720ad088ae49c2441560cdf267f1c946ae7b9807cb1d4",
        "pre" : {
+            "6295ee1b4f6dd65047762f924ecd367c17eabf8f" : {
+                "balance" : "100000",
+                "code" : "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",
+                "nonce" : "0",
+                "storage" : {
+                    "0x" : "0xa94f5374fce5edbc8e2a8697c15331677e6ebf0b",
+                    "0x01" : "0x42",
+                    "0x02" : "0x23",
+                    "0x03" : "0xa94f5374fce5edbc8e2a8697c15331677e6ebf0b",
+                    "0x05" : "0x54c98c81"
+                }
+            },
            "a94f5374fce5edbc8e2a8697c15331677e6ebf0b" : {
-                "balance" : "1000000000000000000",
+                "balance" : "10000000000000",
                "code" : "0x",
                "nonce" : "0",
                "storage" : {
--- a/tests/helper/vm.go
+++ b/tests/helper/vm.go
@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ func RunState(statedb *state.StateDB, env, tx map[string]string) ([]byte, state.
 	if core.IsNonceErr(err) || core.IsInvalidTxErr(err) {
 		statedb.Set(snapshot)
 	}
-	statedb.Update(vmenv.Gas)
+	statedb.Update()

 	return ret, vmenv.logs, vmenv.Gas, err
 }
--- a/xeth/xeth.go
+++ b/xeth/xeth.go
@ -308,21 +308,19 @@ func (self *XEth) NumberToHuman(balance string) string {
 }

 func (self *XEth) StorageAt(addr, storageAddr string) string {
-	storage := self.State().SafeGet(addr).StorageString(storageAddr)
-
-	return common.ToHex(storage.Bytes())
+	return common.ToHex(self.State().state.GetState(common.HexToAddress(addr), common.HexToHash(storageAddr)))
 }

 func (self *XEth) BalanceAt(addr string) string {
-	return self.State().SafeGet(addr).Balance().String()
+	return common.ToHex(self.State().state.GetBalance(common.HexToAddress(addr)).Bytes())
 }

 func (self *XEth) TxCountAt(address string) int {
-	return int(self.State().SafeGet(address).Nonce())
+	return int(self.State().state.GetNonce(common.HexToAddress(address)))
 }

 func (self *XEth) CodeAt(address string) string {
-	return common.ToHex(self.State().SafeGet(address).Code())
+	return common.ToHex(self.State().state.GetCode(common.HexToAddress(address)))
 }

 func (self *XEth) CodeAtBytes(address string) []byte {