go-ethereum

Official Go implementation of the Ethereum protocol

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title	description
Go API	Introduction to the Go packages that allow Geth to be used in Go native applications.

Ethereum was originally conceptualized to be the base layer for Web3, providing the backbone for a new generation of decentralized, permissionless and censorship resistant applications called dapps. The first step towards this vision was the development of clients providing an RPC interface into the peer-to-peer protocols. This allowed users to transact between accounts and interact with smart contracts using command line tools. Geth was one of the original clients to provide this type of gateway to the Ethereum network.

Before long, web-browser-like graphical interfaces (e.g. Mist) were created to extend clients, and client functions were built into websites built using the time-tested HTML/CSS/JS stack. However, to support the most diverse, complex dapps, developers require programmatic access to client functions through an API. This opens up client technologies as re-usable, composable units that can be applied in creative ways by a global community of developers.

To support this, Geth ships official Go packages that can be embedded into third party desktop and server applications. There is also a mobile API that can be used to embed Geth into mobile applications.

This page provides a high-level overview of the Go API.

Note, this guide will assume some familiarity with Go development. It does not cover general topics about Go project layouts, import paths or any other standard methodologies. If you are new to Go, consider reading Getting Started with Go first.

Overview

Geth's reusable Go libraries focus on three main usage areas:

Simplified client side account management
Remote node interfacing via different transports
Contract interactions through auto-generated bindings

The libraries are updated synchronously with the Geth GitHub repository. The Go libraries can be viewed in full at Go Packages.

Péter Szilágyi (@karalabe) gave a high level overview of the Go libraries in a talk at DevCon2 in Shanghai in 2016. The slides are still a useful resource (available here) and the talk itself can be viewed by clicking the image below (it is also archived on IPFS).

Go packages

The go-ethereum library is distributed as a collection of standard Go packages straight from go-ethereum's GitHub repository. The packages can be used directly via the official Go toolkit, without needing any third party tools.

The canonical import path for Geth is github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum, with all packages residing underneath. Although there are lots of them most developers will only care about a limited subset.

All the Geth packages can be downloaded using:

$ go get -d github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/...

More Go API support for dapp developers can be found on the Go Contract Bindings and Go Account Management pages.

Tutorial

This section includes some basic usage examples for the ethclient and gethclient packages available as part of the Go API. The ethclient package provides a client that implements the full Ethereum JSON-RPC API, whereas gethclient offers the Geth-specific API.

Instantiating a client

The client is an instance of the Client struct which has associated functions that wrap requests to the Ethereum or Geth RPC API endpoints.

A client is instantiated by passing a raw url or path to an ipc file to the client's Dial function. In the following code snippet the path to the ipc file for a local Geth node is provided to ethclient.Dial().

// create instance of ethclient and assign to cl
cl, err := ethclient.Dial("/tmp/geth.ipc")
if err != nil {
	panic(err)
}
_ = cl

Interacting with the client

The client can now be used to handle requests to the Geth node using the full JSON-RPC API. For example, the function BlockNumber() wraps a call to the eth_blockNumber endpoint. The function SendTransaction wraps a call to eth_sendTransaction. The full list of client methods can be found here.

Frequently, the functions take an instance of the Context type as their leading argument. This defines context about requests sent from the application such as deadlines, cancellation signals etc. More information on this can be found in the Go documentation. An empty context instance can be created using Context.Background().

Querying client for data

A simple starting point is to fetch the chain ID from the client. This e.g. is needed when signing a transaction as is to be seen in the next section.

chainid, err := cl.ChainID(context.Background())
if err != nil {
    return err
}

Unlike ChainID, many functions require arguments other than context. The Go API takes in and returns high-level types which are used in Geth internals as well to simplify programming and remove the need for knowing how data needs to be formatted exactly as per the JSON-RPC API spec. For example to find out the nonce for an account at a given block the address needs to be provided as a common.Address type and the block number as a *big.Int:

addr := common.HexToAddress("0xb02A2EdA1b317FBd16760128836B0Ac59B560e9D")
nonce, err := cl.NonceAt(context.Background(), addr, big.NewInt(14000000))

Querying past events

Contracts emit events during execution which can be queried from the client. The parameters for the event one is interested in have to be filled out in the ethereum.FilterQuery object. This includes which event topics are of interest, from which contracts and during which range of blocks. The example below queries Transfer events of all ERC-20 tokens for the last 10 blocks:

blockNumber, err := cl.BlockNumber(context.Background())
if err != nil {
	fmt.Println("Failed to retrieve block number:", err)
	return
}
blockNumberBig := big.NewInt(int64(blockNumber))

eventSignatureBytes := []byte("Transfer(address,address,uint256)")
eventSignaturehash := crypto.Keccak256Hash(eventSignatureBytes)

q := ethereum.FilterQuery{
	FromBlock: new(big.Int).Sub(blockNumberBig, big.NewInt(10)),
	ToBlock:   blockNumberBig,
	Topics: [][]common.Hash{
		{eventSignaturehash},
	},
}

logs, err := cl.FilterLogs(context.Background(), q)
if err != nil {
    return err
}

Sending a transaction

Sending a transaction is achieved using the SendTransaction() function. SendTransaction takes an instance of context.Context as its leading argument and a signed transaction as its second argument. The signed transaction must be generated in advance. Building the signed transaction is a multi-stage process that requires first generating a key pair if none exists already, retrieving some chain data and defining sender and recipient addresses. Then these data can be collected into a transaction object and signed. The resulting signed transaction can then be passed to SendTransaction.

The example below assumes the following key pair has already been generated:

// SK and ADDR are the secret key and sender address
SK   = "0xaf5ead4413ff4b78bc94191a2926ae9ccbec86ce099d65aaf469e9eb1a0fa87f"
ADDR = "0x6177843db3138ae69679A54b95cf345ED759450d"

The secret key and address can be used to send a transaction. In the example below 1 ETH is sent from the address ADDR to an arbitrary recipient.

import (
	"context"
	"math/big"

	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethclient"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
)

// sendTransaction sends a transaction with 1 ETH to a specified address.
func sendTransaction(cl *ethclient.Client) error {
	var (
		sk       = crypto.ToECDSAUnsafe(common.FromHex(SK))
		to       = common.HexToAddress("0xb02A2EdA1b317FBd16760128836B0Ac59B560e9D")
		value    = new(big.Int).Mul(big.NewInt(1), big.NewInt(params.Ether))
		sender   = common.HexToAddress(ADDR)
		gasLimit = uint64(21000)
	)
	// Retrieve the chainid (needed for signer)
	chainid, err := cl.ChainID(context.Background())
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	// Retrieve the pending nonce
	nonce, err := cl.PendingNonceAt(context.Background(), sender)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	// Get suggested gas price
	tipCap, _ := cl.SuggestGasTipCap(context.Background())
	feeCap, _ := cl.SuggestGasPrice(context.Background())
	// Create a new transaction
	tx := types.NewTx(
		&types.DynamicFeeTx{
			ChainID:   chainid,
			Nonce:     nonce,
			GasTipCap: tipCap,
			GasFeeCap: feeCap,
			Gas:       gasLimit,
			To:        &to,
			Value:     value,
			Data:      nil,
		})
	// Sign the transaction using our keys
	signedTx, _ := types.SignTx(tx, types.NewLondonSigner(chainid), sk)
	// Send the transaction to our node
	return cl.SendTransaction(context.Background(), signedTx)
}

gethclient

An instance of gethclient can be used in exactly the same way as ethclient. However, gethclient includes Geth-specific API methods. These additional methods are:

CallContract()
CreateAccessList()
GCStats()
GetNodeInfo()
GetProof()
MemStats()
SetHead()
SubscribePendingTransactions()

Note that both ethclient and gethclient have a CallContract() function - the difference is that the gethclient version includes an overrides argument.

Details relating to these endpoints can be found at pkg.go.dev or the Geth GitHub. The code snippets in this tutorial were adapted from a more in-depth set of examples available on GitHub.

Summary

There are a wide variety of Go APIs available for dapp developers that abstract away the complexity of interacting with Ethereum using a set of composable, reusable functions provided by Geth.

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