Add Base64 library to utils (#2884)

* Add Base64 library to utils

* Fix typo on Base64 padding

* Added documentation for Base64 and references from ERC1155 and ERC721

* Updated Changelog

* Fix typo in utilities doc

* use mstore8 to improve memory accesses

* use shorter strings with encodePacked

* do not use using-for syntax, for clarity

Co-authored-by: Hadrien Croubois <hadrien.croubois@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Francisco Giordano <frangio.1@gmail.com>

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
  * `Votes`: Added a base contract for vote tracking with delegation. ([#2944](https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts/pull/2944))
  * `ERC721Votes`: Added an extension of ERC721 enabled with vote tracking and delegation. ([#2944](https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts/pull/2944))
  * `ERC2771Context`: use immutable storage to store the forwarder address, no longer an issue since Solidity >=0.8.8 allows reading immutable variables in the constructor. ([#2917](https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts/pull/2917))
+ * `Base64`: add a library to parse bytes into base64 strings using `encode(bytes memory)` function, and provide examples to show how to use to build URL-safe `tokenURIs` ([#2884](https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts/pull/#2884))
 
 ## 4.4.1 (2021-12-14)
 

contracts/mocks/Base64Mock.sol

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+pragma solidity ^0.8.0;
+
+import "../utils/Base64.sol";
+
+contract Base64Mock {
+    function encode(bytes memory value) external pure returns (string memory) {
+        return Base64.encode(value);
+    }
+}

contracts/utils/Base64.sol

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+pragma solidity ^0.8.0;
+
+/**
+ * @dev Provides a set of functions to operate with Base64 strings.
+ */
+library Base64 {
+    /**
+     * @dev Base64 Encoding/Decoding Table
+     */
+    string internal constant _TABLE = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/";
+
+    /**
+     * @dev Converts a `bytes` to its Bytes64 `string` representation.
+     */
+    function encode(bytes memory data) internal pure returns (string memory) {
+        /**
+         * Inspired by Brecht Devos (Brechtpd) implementation - MIT licence
+         * https://github.com/Brechtpd/base64/blob/e78d9fd951e7b0977ddca77d92dc85183770daf4/base64.sol
+         */
+        if (data.length == 0) return "";
+
+        // Loads the table into memory
+        string memory table = _TABLE;
+
+        // Encoding takes 3 bytes chunks of binary data from `bytes` data parameter
+        // and split into 4 numbers of 6 bits.
+        // The final Base64 length should be `bytes` data length multiplied by 4/3 rounded up
+        // - `data.length + 2`  -> Round up
+        // - `/ 3`              -> Number of 3-bytes chunks
+        // - `4 *`              -> 4 characters for each chunk
+        string memory result = new string(4 * ((data.length + 2) / 3));
+
+        assembly {
+            // Prepare the lookup table (skip the first "length" byte)
+            let tablePtr := add(table, 1)
+
+            // Prepare result pointer, jump over length
+            let resultPtr := add(result, 32)
+
+            // Run over the input, 3 bytes at a time
+            for {
+                let dataPtr := data
+                let endPtr := add(data, mload(data))
+            } lt(dataPtr, endPtr) {
+
+            } {
+                // Advance 3 bytes
+                dataPtr := add(dataPtr, 3)
+                let input := mload(dataPtr)
+
+                // To write each character, shift the 3 bytes (18 bits) chunk
+                // 4 times in blocks of 6 bits for each character (18, 12, 6, 0)
+                // and apply logical AND with 0x3F which is the number of
+                // the previous character in the ASCII table prior to the Base64 Table
+                // The result is then added to the table to get the character to write,
+                // and finally write it in the result pointer but with a left shift
+                // of 256 (1 byte) - 8 (1 ASCII char) = 248 bits
+
+                mstore8(resultPtr, mload(add(tablePtr, and(shr(18, input), 0x3F))))
+                resultPtr := add(resultPtr, 1) // Advance
+
+                mstore8(resultPtr, mload(add(tablePtr, and(shr(12, input), 0x3F))))
+                resultPtr := add(resultPtr, 1) // Advance
+
+                mstore8(resultPtr, mload(add(tablePtr, and(shr(6, input), 0x3F))))
+                resultPtr := add(resultPtr, 1) // Advance
+
+                mstore8(resultPtr, mload(add(tablePtr, and(input, 0x3F))))
+                resultPtr := add(resultPtr, 1) // Advance
+            }
+
+            // When data `bytes` is not exactly 3 bytes long
+            // it is padded with `=` characters at the end
+            switch mod(mload(data), 3)
+            case 1 {
+                mstore8(sub(resultPtr, 1), 0x3d)
+                mstore8(sub(resultPtr, 2), 0x3d)
+            }
+            case 2 {
+                mstore8(sub(resultPtr, 1), 0x3d)
+            }
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+}

contracts/utils/README.adoc

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ NOTE: This document is better viewed at https://docs.openzeppelin.com/contracts/
 
 Miscellaneous contracts and libraries containing utility functions you can use to improve security, work with new data types, or safely use low-level primitives.
 
-The {Address}, {Arrays} and {Strings} libraries provide more operations related to these native data types, while {SafeCast} adds ways to safely convert between the different signed and unsigned numeric types.
+The {Address}, {Arrays}, {Base64} and {Strings} libraries provide more operations related to these native data types, while {SafeCast} adds ways to safely convert between the different signed and unsigned numeric types.
 {Multicall} provides a function to batch together multiple calls in a single external call.
 
 For new data types:
@@ -96,6 +96,8 @@ Note that, in all cases, accounts simply _declare_ their interfaces, but they ar
 
 {{Arrays}}
 
+{{Base64}}
+
 {{Counters}}
 
 {{Strings}}

docs/modules/ROOT/pages/erc1155.adoc

@@ -112,7 +112,9 @@ The JSON document for token ID 2 might look something like:
 
 For more information about the metadata JSON Schema, check out the https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-1155.md#erc-1155-metadata-uri-json-schema[ERC-1155 Metadata URI JSON Schema].
 
-NOTE: you'll notice that the item's information is included in the metadata, but that information isn't on-chain! So a game developer could change the underlying metadata, changing the rules of the game!
+NOTE: You'll notice that the item's information is included in the metadata, but that information isn't on-chain! So a game developer could change the underlying metadata, changing the rules of the game! 
+
+TIP: If you'd like to put all item information on-chain, you can extend ERC721 to do so (though it will be rather costly) by providing a xref:utilities.adoc#base64[`Base64`] Data URI with the JSON schema encoded. You could also leverage IPFS to store the URI information, but these techniques are out of the scope of this overview guide
 
 [[sending-to-contracts]]
 == Sending Tokens to Contracts

docs/modules/ROOT/pages/erc721.adoc

@@ -79,7 +79,9 @@ This `tokenURI` should resolve to a JSON document that might look something like
 
 For more information about the `tokenURI` metadata JSON Schema, check out the https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-721[ERC721 specification].
 
-NOTE: you'll notice that the item's information is included in the metadata, but that information isn't on-chain! So a game developer could change the underlying metadata, changing the rules of the game! If you'd like to put all item information on-chain, you can extend ERC721 to do so (though it will be rather costly). You could also leverage IPFS to store the tokenURI information, but these techniques are out of the scope of this overview guide.
+NOTE: You'll notice that the item's information is included in the metadata, but that information isn't on-chain! So a game developer could change the underlying metadata, changing the rules of the game! 
+
+TIP: If you'd like to put all item information on-chain, you can extend ERC721 to do so (though it will be rather costly) by providing a xref:utilities.adoc#base64[`Base64`] Data URI with the JSON schema encoded. You could also leverage IPFS to store the tokenURI information, but these techniques are out of the scope of this overview guide.
 
 [[Presets]]
 == Preset ERC721 contract

docs/modules/ROOT/pages/utilities.adoc

@@ -99,6 +99,53 @@ Want to check if an address is a contract? Use xref:api:utils.adoc#Address[`Addr
 
 Want to keep track of some numbers that increment by 1 every time you want another one? Check out xref:api:utils.adoc#Counters[`Counters`]. This is useful for lots of things, like creating incremental identifiers, as shown on the xref:erc721.adoc[ERC721 guide].
 
+=== Base64
+
+xref:api:utils.adoc#Base64[`Base64`] util allows you to transform `bytes32` data into its Base64 `string` representation. 
+
+This is specially useful to build URL-safe tokenURIs for both xref:api:token/ERC721.adoc#IERC721Metadata-tokenURI-uint256-[`ERC721`] or xref:api:token/ERC1155.adoc#IERC1155MetadataURI-uri-uint256-[`ERC1155`]. This library provides a clever way to serve URL-safe https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTTP/Basics_of_HTTP/Data_URIs/[Data URI] compliant strings to serve on-chain data structures.
+
+Consider this is an example to send JSON Metadata through a Base64 Data URI using an ERC721:
+
+[source, solidity]
+----
+// contracts/My721Token.sol
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC721/ERC721.sol";
+import "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/Strings.sol";
+import "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/Base64.sol";
+
+contract My721Token is ERC721 {
+    using Strings for uint256;
+
+    constructor() ERC721("My721Token", "MTK") {}
+    
+    ...
+
+    function tokenURI(uint256 tokenId)
+        public
+        pure
+        override
+        returns (string memory)
+    {
+        bytes memory dataURI = abi.encodePacked(
+            '{',
+                '"name": "My721Token #', tokenId.toString(), '"',
+                // Replace with extra ERC721 Metadata properties
+            '}'
+        );
+
+        return string(
+            abi.encodePacked(
+                "data:application/json;base64,", 
+                Base64.encode(dataURI)
+            )
+        );
+    }
+}
+----
+
 === Multicall
 
 The `Multicall` abstract contract comes with a `multicall` function that bundles together multiple calls in a single external call. With it, external accounts may perform atomic operations comprising several function calls. This is not only useful for EOAs to make multiple calls in a single transaction, it's also a way to revert a previous call if a later one fails.

test/utils/Base64.test.js

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+const { expect } = require('chai');
+
+const Base64Mock = artifacts.require('Base64Mock');
+
+contract('Strings', function () {
+  beforeEach(async function () {
+    this.base64 = await Base64Mock.new();
+  });
+
+  describe('from bytes - base64', function () {
+    it('converts to base64 encoded string with double padding', async function () {
+      const TEST_MESSAGE = 'test';
+      const input = web3.utils.asciiToHex(TEST_MESSAGE);
+      expect(await this.base64.encode(input)).to.equal('dGVzdA==');
+    });
+
+    it('converts to base64 encoded string with single padding', async function () {
+      const TEST_MESSAGE = 'test1';
+      const input = web3.utils.asciiToHex(TEST_MESSAGE);
+      expect(await this.base64.encode(input)).to.equal('dGVzdDE=');
+    });
+
+    it('converts to base64 encoded string without padding', async function () {
+      const TEST_MESSAGE = 'test12';
+      const input = web3.utils.asciiToHex(TEST_MESSAGE);
+      expect(await this.base64.encode(input)).to.equal('dGVzdDEy');
+    });
+  });
+});